Comparison of two in vivo and two ex vivo tests to assess the antibacterial activity of several antiseptics

Effectiveness of hand-cleansing formulations containing tea tree oil assessed ex vivo on human skin and in vivo with volunteers using European standard EN 1499

“…In a previous study that compared results obtained with an adapted version of the ex vivo test with a rubbing effect with that obtained in vivo with volunteers (EN 1499), Triclosan, para-chloro-metaxylenol, povidone iodine and SS generally performed 1.62 times better in vivo than ex vivo (range 1.13 times better with SS to 2.29 times better with povidone iodine). 26 These results are similar to ours which showed the antiseptics to be, on average, 1.28G0.06 times more active in vivo than ex vivo (range 1.05 times better with the AHSW to 1.35 times better with the HSW). Nevertheless, following the European standard method, the important outcome is that the product being tested should achieve a significantly higher reduction than that achieved by the control soap.…”

“…35 Although there are major differences between human skin in vivo and ex vivo, such as moisture level, microbial ecology, surface pH and temperature, and the presence of sebum and sweat, the ex vivo model appears to be highly suitable for investigating the efficacy of antiseptic agents directly on skin. [24][25][26] The main advantages of ex vivo testing over in vivo testing are that ex vivo tests are easier and cheaper to perform, parameters such as environment temperature and resident flora can be controlled, pathogenic organisms can be assessed, different handwashing conditions can be simulated, and ethical approval is easier to obtain. The present study supports the use of the ex vivo model to investigate the efficacy of antiseptics on skin and may help in predicting the outcomes of in vivo studies.…”

“…Therefore, the efficacy of a hygienic skin wash (HSW) and an alcoholic hygienic skin wash (AHSW) that both contained 5% TTO, as well as 5% TTO in Tween 80, was investigated in vivo according to the European handwashing test. 23 An ex-vivo test, which has been shown to be a reproducible potential substitute for in-vivo testing, [24][25][26] was adapted to imitate the handwashing technique and also used to assess the activity of TTO. Ex-vivo and in vivo data were compared.…”

Decolonisation of MRSA, S. aureus and E. coli by Cold-Atmospheric Plasma Using a Porcine Skin Model In Vitro

“…In spite of this, the results obtained by Bush et al are more related to the hand-washing technique than to test the efficacy of new antimicrobial techniques using vital skin samples [24]. Recently Messager et al could demonstrate, when testing several liquid disinfectants that antiseptics were more active in combination with mechanical effects ex vivo [25]. The addition of a mechanical effect by drill rubbing of two skin samples against each other produced a significantly greater reduction of the bacterial load [25].…”

Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) – A Versatile Polymer for Biomedical and Beyond Medical Applications

“…As mentioned earlier, PVP in combination with iodine forms a complex called PVP-iodine, which is largely used in various products like solutions, liquid soaps, ointment, surgical scrubs and pessaries, due to its disinfectant properties, protecting the skin or mucous membranes during surgery [2,10,43,44,47,48,53,58,59,74] or being used as an antibacterial and antimicrobial agent for medical devices [60,65] . Related to the trade names as Pyodine, Betadine and Wokadine, it is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions), being preferred instead of talc [74] .…”