Comparison of various preforms for hot forging of bearing rings

Near Net Shape Spur Gear Forging Using Concave Preform

“…A significant increase in load arises when the workpiece reaches the die. Near to the end of the process, forging load increases sharply, and approximately 25% of the total forming energy is consumed in this final stage [13].…”

“…Ohga et al [12] analyzed the forging of spur gear with low carbon steel and low alloyed standard steel in two steps to prevent the die failure by using secondary flow, which can reduce the working pressure. Arbak et al [13] compared the various preforms for hot forging of bearing rings by considering the coupled thermo-mechanical analysis. They concluded that there are different criteria in determining the preform shape for different parts to prolong the tool wear and to prevent the tool fracture.…”

Research of the Tool Velocity and Product Shape Aspects of the Hot Radial Rolling of C45 Steel Rings

“…These rings are characterised by a high diameter to cross section ratio. Other forming techniques for similar parts [1][2][3] are not as eff ective as the rolling of ring-shaped semi-fi nished products with the use of specially designed rolling mills.…”

Deformation mechanism of forging tool for multi-stage forming of deep groove ball bearing

“…Rolling elements are almost ubiquitous in many industrial sectors to implement the proper torque transfer, particularly in the transmission of various vehicles. 1 Generally, containers of rolling balls, typically called inner ring (IR) and outer ring (OR), are equipped with a set of rolling elements (typically balls or columns) running in a cage-guided tracks and protected by rubber seals or metal shields. 2,3 The above-mentioned key components are mainly manufactured by metal forming technology.…”