“…ROS play a dual role in plants, both as key regulators of growth, development, and defense pathways and as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism (Mittler et al, 2004). ROS participate in a number of redox processes in plants, being part of a complex, sometimes redundant, but at the same time highly coordinated and flexible redox signaling network (Mittler et al, 2004;Noctor, 2011, 2013;Zechmann, 2014). Importantly, ROS create a localized oxidative environment that facilitates signaling by other pathways, such as calcium mobilization, thiol-disulfide exchange, protein-protein interactions, and transcription factor binding (Foyer and Noctor, 2013).…”