Compatibility among entomopathogenic hyphocreales and two beneficial insects used to control Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleurodidae) in Mediterranean greenhouses

Abstract

The effect of the combined use of Encarsia formosa or Macrolophus caliginosus and one of three marketed mycoinsecticides, Mycotal® (Leucanicillium muscarium-based), Naturalis-L™ (Beauveria bassiana-based) and PreFeRal® (Isaria fumosorosea-based), on the control of the whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, was studied under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The results of both types of tests, the bioassays and the greenhouse trials, for all combinations of E. Formosa with each of the three mycoinsecticides showed that the total mortality of larval populations of T. vaporariorum was not affected. The mortality of T. vaporariorum larvae treated in the second instar revealed the capacity for both B. bassiana- and L. muscarium-based formulations and E. formosa to kill the host either separately or in association. Because of its higher pathogenic activity (under our test conditions), L. muscarium provoked a large proportion of mycoses in larvae exposed to parasitization. In contrast, the efficacy of parasitization was higher in larvae treated with B. bassiana and exposed to E. formosa because of a lower pathogenic activity of the fungus. Bioassays carried out with third-instar larvae of T. vaporariorum showed a low susceptibility to both tested fungi. Consequently, mortalities recorded in larvae subjected to the combined treatments by consecutive exposures or at 2-4 days post-parasitization were mainly caused by the development of the parasitoid. Greenhouse trials showed that fungus-induced mortality of T. vaporariorum in plants treated with L. muscarium, I. fumosorosea, and B. Bassiana was significant compare to control. L. muscarium, B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea killed young whitefly larvae and limited parasitization to 10% or less. Second-instar larvae of M. caliginosus were not susceptible to L. muscarium and B. bassiana formulations with any mode of contamination: direct spraying of larvae, spraying on the foliar substrate or by contaminated T. vaporariorum prey. In greenhouse trials, M. caliginosus populations treated with fungi were not significantly affected compared to controls.

Entomopatojen fungusların Batı çiçek thripsi, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) ile mücadelede kullanım olanakları

“…However, killing effect of EPF is likely to vary significantly depending on the type of arthropod natural enemy. For example, greenhouse studies with predatory mirid bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) showed that there were no negative effects of two commercial isolates of B. bassiana (GHA and ATCC 74040) on predator populations (Labbé et al, 2009;Hamdi et al, 2011). On the contrary, densities of predatory Orius (Hem.…”

“…: Anthocoridae) species were significantly reduced due to infection by the GHA isolate of B. bassiana (Shipp et al, 2012), although in other studies there were no or only weak side effects on Orius spp. (Hamdi et al, 2011;Pourian et al, 2011). Predatory mites are generally not susceptible to commercial isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana, M. brunneum and I. fumosorosae both in laboratory and greenhouse trials (Ludwig & Oetting, 2001;Vergel et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2014).…”

COMPATIBILIDAD DE Beauveria bassiana Y Metarhizium anisopliae CON Chrysoperla externa DEPREDADOR DE Trialeurodes vaporariorum

“…Maia et al (2000) mencionaron que cuando los hongos entomopatógenos entran en contacto con depredadores, se pueden presentar alteraciones como inviabilidad de huevos, alteración del ciclo de vida y disminución de la capacidad de depredación; esto ocurre porque los depredadores pueden ser, al igual que la plaga, afectados directamente por los hongos entomopatógenos. Hamdi et al (2011) consideran que, a pesar de los estudios realizados aún falta información de laboratorio y campo sobre la susceptibilidad de depredadores hacia hongos entomopatógenos usados en programas de control biológico de plagas.…”

Efecto de Jatropha urens (Euphorbiaceae) y Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) sobre Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

“…La mosca blanca de los invernaderos T. vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), es una especie cosmopolita y polífaga (Van Lenteren y Noldus, 1990y Hamdi et al, 2011 que ocasiona daños económicos a los cultivos al alimentarse de la savia, afectando la calidad de la planta y contribuyendo a la formación de fumagina y la transmisión de enfermedades virales (Byrne y Bellows, 1991;Van Lenteren et al, 1996;Park et al, 1998;Bi et al, 2002;Cardona et al, 2005;Arnó et al, 2006y Hamdi et al, 2011. Para el control de esta plaga los productores utilizan insecticidas sintéticos en grandes volúmenes sin cumplir los periodos de carencia, ocasionando residuos tóxicos en los frutos, desarrollo de poblaciones resistentes a los productos, destrucción de organismos benéficos, intoxicación de mamíferos y contaminación del medio ambiente (Fragoso et al, 2002;Isman, 2006;Picanço et al, 2007).…”

“…Una alternativa viable a los problemas ocasionados por el uso excesivo de insecticidas de síntesis química es la utilización de métodos de control que deben priorizar la seguridad ambiental y social y que sean eficientes en el control de T. vaporariorum. En la búsqueda de tales métodos, productos alternativos a los plaguicidas convencionales como los extractos vegetales, han sido utilizado por productores de hortalizas para el control de plagas y enfermedades (Van Lenteren et al, 1996;Simmonds et al, 2002;Choi et al, 2003;Fraser, 2005;Regnault-Roger et al, 2005;Pavela y Herda, 2007;Schuster et al, 2009;Hamdi et al, 2011;Moreau e Isman, 2012).…”