Compatibility of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s Institutions and Economic Development Within Iraq

Sümer, Fahrettin; Joseph, Jay

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93420-4_3

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Despite the underdevelopment financial institutions in Iraq, the KRG's banking system has been mostly run by weak state banks and traditional activities of private banks. Consequently, these features have limited bank's ability in attracting deposits and offering credit to the private businesses (Sümer & Joseph, 2019). The world Bank reported a very low access of the private sector to finance estimated 2% of share of GDP in 2015 (World Bank Group, 2016).…”

Section: Interest Rate Subsidiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the Law of Investment's tax incentive included for any project in any sector. Although absolute level of investment increased largely, investment climate has been surrounded by the accusation of economically unsustainable factors such as bribery, political interference, and operating agreements (Sümer & Joseph, 2019).…”

Section: The Practice Of Private Sector In Exports and Taxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has resulted in having no fully independent economic policies which has made the region institutionally and financially centralised. The economy is overburdened with bureaucratic regulations resulting in a difficult environment for the development of private sector businesses (Sümer & Joseph, 2019;World Bank Group, 2016). This impedes private sector development and causes to undermine private sectors competitiveness in the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Private Sector Development Analysis in Post-Conflict Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Muhamad

2022

UKHJSS

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Private sector development (PSD) has been a vital part of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG)’s economic development policy since the very beginning of the development of the region. The objective of this paper is to critically analyse private sector development in post-conflict Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). A qualitative method of critical review to the development of private sector in the use of official documents is used from 2006 to 2016. It is concluded that because of the key challenges facing the private sector and a weak synergy between private and public sector, the KRG polices, and the experience of private sector were not effective in favour of the economy of Kurdistan. This was possibly due to the failure of the KRG in monitoring and evaluating the impact of those polices, political consideration in the way of doing business, internal conflict, and poor institutional system of the region. Public policy implication of this study is that there must be a close tied up of PSD programme to governance and interventions of peacebuilding. Most importantly, promoting the rule of law in the way that political actors should have neither influence on legal system nor on businesses.

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Section: Interest Rate Subsidiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Practice Of Private Sector In Exports and Taxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Private Sector Development Analysis in Post-Conflict Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Muhamad

2022

UKHJSS

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“…Examples such as government-led disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programs (Fajardo et al, 2019), peacebuilding strategies by business collectives (Tobias & Boudreaux, 2011; Tobias et al, 2013), and business associations (Miklian & Medina Bickel, 2020) demonstrate how pro-peace entrepreneurship can be facilitated among a broad collection of actors. With widespread institutional reform being difficult in conflict settings (Sümer & Joseph, 2019), such programs provide much promise, holding the potential to multiply the impact of pro-peace entrepreneurship beyond the individual business owner.…”

Section: Implications and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entrepreneurship, Conflict, and Peace: The Role of Inclusion and Value Creation

Joseph

Buren

2021

Business & Society

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Conflict zone entrepreneurs—local entrepreneurs running small businesses in conflict settings—have paradoxical impacts on stability: holding the ability both to foster peace but also to enhance conflict. Prior scholarly work has been unable to explain this divergence, as existing entrepreneurial indicators do not account for fundamental peacebuilding elements. In response, the article consolidates divergent fields of study, applies paradox theory to analyze underlying tensions in the field, and reframes entrepreneurship through a peacebuilding lens based on intergroup inclusivity and value-creating business practices. Using several cases, this article shows how entrepreneurial activity in conflict zones can foster sustainable peace, limited peace, or conflict, arguing that entrepreneurship based on value-creating and inclusive practices can result in pro-peace outcomes. The article offers policy recommendations for local governments and the humanitarian sector seeking to use entrepreneurship in conflict zones to promote peace.

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“…Furthermore, many factors have negatively affected economic growth, reducing private sector development. The first factor was fallen in global oil prices since 2014, another factor continuing budget disputes between Baghdad and Erbil, when the central government (Baghdad) cutting off the budget of KRG from the national budget in 2014 (DeWeaver, 2015;Sümer and Joseph, 2019). In addition, the war against the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), corruption, and poor governance, as well as the social reproduction of the risktaking mindset that promotes public sector employment (Sümer and Joseph, 2019).…”

Section: Prospects Of Entrepreneurship Development In the Kurdistan Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects and Challenges of Entrepreneurship Development in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: An Overview

Mohammadali

Abdulkhaliq

2019

IJEK

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Entrepreneurship as a driver of innovation and economic growth plays a key role in economic development and the appearance of knowledge and innovation-based economies. The most important effects of entrepreneurship development are increasing innovation, upgrading technology, increasing employment, producing technical knowledge, and generating income distribution at the community level, which can lead to increased national wealth and economic growth. At the moment, global developments are made entrepreneurship so important, and organizations need more innovation and entrepreneurship than ever before to adapt to new circumstances. In fact, in relation to entrepreneurship as the most important factor in economic development, organizations can gain more market share. The objectives of this study are to examine and overview the prospects and challenges of entrepreneurship in Iraq's Kurdistan region. In this regard, it can be said that with the human resources available and the valuable experiences available in the field of entrepreneurship around the world, it is necessary to plan for entrepreneurship development in the Kurdish Region of Iraq (KRI). It is revealed in this study Iraqi Kurdistan is determined can be one of the top entrepreneurial centers in the region with the scientific ability of specialists, and the potential of human resources, flexible structure and efficient technology. This paper recommended some strategies to reform and removing barriers to entrepreneurship development in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq by using factors such as entrepreneurship development and appropriate culture building, job training, setting up small business development centers, sponsoring entrepreneurs, establishing the legal framework for entrepreneurial activities, and providing spiritual support to entrepreneurs can lead to social, economic and industrial development and the declines of unemployment.

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Compatibility of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s Institutions and Economic Development Within Iraq

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Private Sector Development Analysis in Post-Conflict Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Private Sector Development Analysis in Post-Conflict Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Entrepreneurship, Conflict, and Peace: The Role of Inclusion and Value Creation

Prospects and Challenges of Entrepreneurship Development in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: An Overview

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