Prospects and Challenges of Entrepreneurship Development in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: An Overview

Abstract

Entrepreneurship as a driver of innovation and economic growth plays a key role in economic development and the appearance of knowledge and innovation-based economies. The most important effects of entrepreneurship development are increasing innovation, upgrading technology, increasing employment, producing technical knowledge, and generating income distribution at the community level, which can lead to increased national wealth and economic growth. At the moment, global developments are made entrepreneurship so important, and organizations need more innovation and entrepreneurship than ever before to adapt to new circumstances. In fact, in relation to entrepreneurship as the most important factor in economic development, organizations can gain more market share. The objectives of this study are to examine and overview the prospects and challenges of entrepreneurship in Iraq's Kurdistan region. In this regard, it can be said that with the human resources available and the valuable experiences available in the field of entrepreneurship around the world, it is necessary to plan for entrepreneurship development in the Kurdish Region of Iraq (KRI). It is revealed in this study Iraqi Kurdistan is determined can be one of the top entrepreneurial centers in the region with the scientific ability of specialists, and the potential of human resources, flexible structure and efficient technology. This paper recommended some strategies to reform and removing barriers to entrepreneurship development in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq by using factors such as entrepreneurship development and appropriate culture building, job training, setting up small business development centers, sponsoring entrepreneurs, establishing the legal framework for entrepreneurial activities, and providing spiritual support to entrepreneurs can lead to social, economic and industrial development and the declines of unemployment.

The impacts of economic globalization on agricultural value added in developing countries

“…Nowadays, EG positively impacts them because they can adapt and formulate effective policies [ 5 , 6 ]. Meanwhile, the least developing countries will negatively impact EG on their economic growth [ 7 , 8 ]. Not to mention its impacts on one of the main sectors in developing countries, namely agriculture.…”

Perceptual Enablers of Global Nascent Entrepreneurs: A Quantitative Investigation Based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data

“…Entrepreneurship literature fruitfully discusses the significance of entrepreneurial activities for economic revitalization and social development. Effective entrepreneurial activities can sustain economic growth (Dvorsky et al, 2019;Sergi et al, 2019), address social challenges such as labour market barriers faced by immigrants (Ram et al, 2017;Kloosterman & Rath, 2018), and introduce emerging industries and corresponding innovation models (Abarca, 2018;Mohammadali & Abdulkhaliq, 2019;Barrera Verdugo, 2020).…”

“…Theorists and practitioners have corroborated the significance of entrepreneurship for national economic revitalization and mobilization in multiple regional contexts (Sergi et al, 2019). Entrepreneurship effectuates industrial innovation, improves employment structure and empowers nationals to respond to changing context (Mohammadali & Abdulkhaliq, 2019).The exploration of determinants for entrepreneurial activity also turns to full swing. Entrepreneurship intention (EI) theory is an emerging branch of entrepreneurial literature (Khursheed et al, 2018), and it is often used to inform entrepreneurial activity (action).…”

Financial Development and Unemployment in MENA: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Causality and Quantile via Moment Regression

“…MENA countries included for investigation consist of Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen 2012; Zouari, 2014;von Braun & Kofol, 2017;Kabbani, 2019 for different employment programmes and policies across Arab countries). This suggests that governments' efforts alone may not be sufficient enough to address the problem of unemployment in the region, hence, the need for the involvement of financial market which can make funds available at a relatively low cost to young entrepreneurs who have been facing the challenges of accessing credits in the financial market (Belwal et al, 2014;Erogul, 2014;Mohammadali & Abdulkhaliq, 2019). In fact, Roll (2010) asserted that finance matters in the development of entrepreneurship in Arab countries, especially in Egypt.…”