Compatibilization strategies toward new polymer materials from re-/up-cycled plastics

Nechifor, M; Tanasă, Fulga; Teacă, Carmen‐Alice; Zănoagă, Mădălina

doi:10.1080/1023666x.2018.1509493

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…A recycling process (mechanical, chemical, and feedstock recycling) involves material recovery from plastic waste streams, while an energy recovery procedure involves the combustion of waste to generate heat. − Formulation of polymer blends and composites is one way to reuse plastic waste. , Because of improved processing, low cost, and decent mechanical properties, blending recycled PET (rPET) with recycled polyolefins (e.g., recycled polyethylene, rPP) has emerged as an attractive approach. , PET typically has a solubility parameter (δ) value of about 22 MPa 1/2 , while PP covers a range of 16.16–19.23 MPa 1/2 , implying the immiscibility of polymers. , The poor compatibility due to the difference in polarity of rPET and rPP requires addressing the dispersion and interfacial adhesion issue . This compatibility can be improved using compatibilizers, such as PP grafted with maleic anhydride (PP- g -MA), PP grafted with acrylic acid (PP- g -AA), and ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate (EGMA) …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 This compatibility can be improved using compatibilizers, such as PP grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA), 19 PP grafted with acrylic acid (PP-g-AA), 20 and ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate (EGMA). 21 As PET requires processing at high temperatures, a series of thermal and hydrolytic degradation reactions occur in the presence of water and other residues. 22,23 This cause the formation of shorter PET chains with an increase in carboxyl and hydroxyl end groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reactive Blending of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Recycled Polypropylene: Kinetics Modeling of Non-Isothermal Crystallization

et al. 2023

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Plastics were developed to change our world for the better. However, plastic pollution has become a serious global environmental crisis. Thermoplastic polyesters and polyolefins are among the most abundant plastic waste. This work presents an in-depth non-isothermal crystallization kinetics analysis of recycled post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) and recycled polypropylene (rPP) blends prepared through reactive compounding. The effect of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) on crystallization kinetics and phase morphology of rPET/rPP blends was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microscopy techniques. DSC results showed that increasing rPP content accelerated rPET crystallization while reducing crystallinity, which indicates the nucleation effect of the rPP phase in blends. Further, it was found that the incorporation of PMDA increased the degree of crystallinity during non-isothermal crystallization, even though the rate of crystallinity decreased slightly due to its restriction effects. The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics was analyzed based on the theoretical models developed by Jeziorny, Ozawa, Mo, and Tobin. The activation energy of the crystallization process derived from Kissinger, Takhor, and Augis−Bennett models was found to increase in rPET/rPP blends with increasing PMDA due to hindered dynamics of the system. Rheological measurements revealed that rPET melt viscosity is remarkably increased in the presence of PMDA and reactive blending with rPP relevant for processing. Moreover, nanomechanical mapping of the rPP phase dispersed in the rPET matrix demonstrated the broadening of the interfacial domains after reactive blending due to the branching effect of PMDA. Findings from this study are essential for the recycling/ upcycling thermoplastics through non-isothermal fabrication processes, such as extrusion and injection molding, to mitigate the lack of sorting options.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive Blending of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Recycled Polypropylene: Kinetics Modeling of Non-Isothermal Crystallization

et al. 2023

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“…Nechifor et al [13] realizaram um estudo de revisão sobre o efeito de vários compatibilizantes, principalmente em polímeros mais reativos, como o PET. Os autores concluíram que o metacrilato de glicidila (-GMA), que está também presente no EGMA, é um reagente eficiente devido a sua boa reatividade com os ácidos carboxílicos de poliésteres, como o PET, e grupos amino de poliamidas.…”

Section: /8unclassified

Efeito da adição do copolímero etileno/metacrilato de glicidila (EGMA) nas propriedades reológicas, mecânicas e morfologia do poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET)

Nascimento¹,

Silva²,

Agrawal³

et al. 2021

Tecnol. Metal. Mater. Min.

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Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.a ResumoO intuito deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito EGMA nas propriedades reológicas, mecânicas e na morfologia do PET. Diversas composições formuladas com o EGMA e a matriz de PET foram produzidas. Utilizaram-se reometria de torque, FTIR, ensaios mecânicos e MEV para caracterizar as blendas. Os resultados obtidos por reometria de torque indicaram um aumento da amplitude das curvas de torque, e consequentemente da viscosidade do fundido, com o aumento da concentração de EGMA. O FTIR indicou reações ocorridas entre os grupos funcionais do EGMA, com os grupos terminais do PET, sendo esse o fator preponderante para que houvesse aumento do torque na análise por reometria. A propriedade mecânica de RI teve um aumento de quase 8x, quando comparado ao PET puro, apresentando também uma leve redução da rigidez e da RT com o aumento da concentração de EGMA. As análises morfológicas indicaram a formação de uma estrutura miscível/compatível, ou seja, sem evidente separação de fase, o que pode ter corroborado na obtenção da tenacificação do PET como observado também no aumento crescente da RI. Palavras-chave: PET; EGMA; Blendas; RI.Effect of adding the ethylene/glycidyl methacrylate (EGMA) copolymer on the rheological and mechanical properties, and morphology of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET)

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“…Moreover, various components of the laminate can be disturbing or even detrimental during the recycling process itself like the presence of polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC) or aluminium [11]. Although there is scientific knowledge on the compatibilisation of immiscible polymer blends there is little scientific information on the recyclability of laminates [12][13][14][15][16]. Moreover, an integrated analysis of the recycling of laminates should also encompass the current and future waste management systems that include disposal by civilians, collection systems, sorting processes and recycling processes (mechanical, chemical, organic, thermal).…”

Section: Laminates and Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible laminates within the circular economy

Velzen

Weert

Molenveld

2020

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This report focusses on flexible laminated packages that are composed out of multiple polymer types and their impact on the recycling chains. Approximately 3-4% of the packaging products used in Europe is a laminated flexible packaging film. By nature, these films are either more difficult to recycle than mono-material packaging products, or even impossible to recycle.In the Netherlands roughly 65% of the laminated flexibles are discarded with the mixed municipal solid waste and 35% are collected in separate collection schemes for lightweight packaging wastes.After sorting the laminates are distributed over the various sorted products; roughly 60% ends up in the sorted product MIX, 25% in the sorted product FILM, 10% in the various sorting residues and 5% in valuable sorting products like PP and PE where they may hinder recycling of these valuable sorting products. Current and future options for the waste management of multi-material laminated flexible packaging films include mechanical-, chemical-and organic recycling. Next to technical feasibility and technical hurdles there are various practical and economical limitations and acceptance issues that presently limit recycling of flexible laminates. Most stakeholders involved in plastic packaging are committed to develop a more sustainable, circular plastics industry. Despite the willingness of industry to move to sustainable and recyclable packaging products there are numerous challenges with respect to flexible laminates for packaging applications. Strategies to improve the end-of-life options for flexible laminates can be categorised in four main categories; avoid the use of laminates, redesign the laminates, redesign the collection & recycling scheme or improve the sort-ability and recognisability. As a first step (agreement on) a precise definition of recyclability is needed to allow evaluation of the recyclability of laminated flexible packages. This implies that a test method is needed to verify if newly developed laminated flexibles are recyclable 6 | Public Wageningen Food & Biobased Research-Report 2037

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Compatibilization strategies toward new polymer materials from re-/up-cycled plastics

Cited by 13 publications

References 123 publications

Reactive Blending of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Recycled Polypropylene: Kinetics Modeling of Non-Isothermal Crystallization

Reactive Blending of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Recycled Polypropylene: Kinetics Modeling of Non-Isothermal Crystallization

Efeito da adição do copolímero etileno/metacrilato de glicidila (EGMA) nas propriedades reológicas, mecânicas e morfologia do poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET)

Flexible laminates within the circular economy

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