Compatible solutes of organisms that live in hot saline environments

Santos, Helena; Costa, Milton S. da

doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00335.x

Cited by 250 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The occurrence of DIP in R. xylanophilus, a thermophile with T opt = 60°C was, therefore, unexpected. Moreover, the levels of DIP increased clearly with the growth temperature, a trend also observed in the hyperthermophiles examined (Santos and da Costa 2002).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…This solute cannot, however, have a role in osmotic adjustment in this organism because of the minor amounts accumulated. Moreover, betaine is not detected in (hyper)thermophilic bacteria or archaea, indicating that it is not used for osmotic adjustment in these organisms (Santos and da Costa 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, the pool of organic solutes in R. xylanophilus comprises two symmetrical phosphodiesters: the novel compound, di-N-acetyl-glucosamine phosphate (DAGAP), which was detected in minor amounts under all conditions examined, and di-myo-inositol phosphate, a polyol-phosphodiester widespread in hyperthermophilic archaea and bacteria, but never encountered in organisms with optimal growth temperatures below 80°C (Santos and da Costa 2002). The occurrence of DIP in R. xylanophilus, a thermophile with T opt = 60°C was, therefore, unexpected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increasing evidence supports an additional talent of compatible solutes in the stabilization of the native folding of enzymes (Lamosa et al 2000). Some compatible solutes, namely trehalose are also involved in the response to other stress conditions induced by temperature, desiccation, freezing, oxygen deprivation, nutrient starvation, toxic compounds and oxidative agents, and are viewed as general stress protectants (Hoelzle and Streeter 1990;da Costa et al 1998;Santos and da Costa 2002;Elbein et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cyclic-2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (cBPG), for example, has been found only in methanogenic archaea (Roberts 2004); diglycerol phosphate (DGP) is restricted to Archaeoglobus spp. and di-myo-inositolphosphate (DIP) has only been identified in hyperthermophilic archaea and bacteria which suggests a role in thermoprotection (Santos and da Costa 2002 in a group of red algae and later in several thermophilic bacteria and hyperthermophilic archaea where it behaves like a typical compatible solute, leading to the hypothesis that MG is an archetypal solute of prokaryotes living at high growth temperatures (Bouveng et al 1955;Santos and da Costa 2002). However, the accumulation of MG in marine red algae and the discovery of genes for the synthesis of MG in mesophilic bacteria and in archaeal metagenomes obtained from low temperature environments argue against the hypothesis of a role of MG exclusively in the adaptation to thermal environments (Empadinhas and da Costa 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic solutes in Rubrobacter xylanophilus: the first example of di-myo-inositol-phosphate in a thermophile

et al. 2007

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The thermophilic and halotolerant nature of Rubrobacter xylanophilus led us to investigate the accumulation of compatible solutes in this member of the deepest lineage of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Trehalose and mannosylglycerate (MG) were the major compounds accumulated under all conditions examined, including those for optimal growth. The addition of NaCl to a complex medium and a defined medium had a slight or negligible effect on the accumulation of these compatible solutes. Glycine betaine, di-myo-inositol-phosphate (DIP), a new phosphodiester compound, identified as di-N-acetylglucosamine phosphate and glutamate were also detected but in low or trace levels. DIP was always present, except at the highest salinity examined (5% NaCl) and at the lowest temperature tested (43°C). Nevertheless, the levels of DIP increased with the growth temperature. This is the first report of MG and DIP in an actinobacterium and includes the identification of the new solute di-N-acetylglucosamine phosphate.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic solutes in Rubrobacter xylanophilus: the first example of di-myo-inositol-phosphate in a thermophile

et al. 2007

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Extreme Thermophiles

Grogan

2013

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Extreme thermophiles are microorganisms adapted to temperatures normally found only in hot springs, hydrothermal vents and similar sites of geothermal activity. These unicellular organisms include diverse archaea and bacteria, and they span a wide range of metabolic strategies. Various molecular features enable the cells of extreme thermophiles to function optimally at temperatures that kill other cells. These features include low‐molecular weight compounds that stabilise the conformations of proteins and nucleic acids, enzymes with intrinsically stable folding of the polypeptide and unusual lipids that form highly impermeable membranes. The intrinsically stable enzymes of extreme thermophiles offer advantages for industrial and diagnostic processes ranging from ore processing to molecular genotyping. Key Concepts: Bacteria and archaea consist of very simple (prokaryotic) cells but vary greatly with respect to metabolic capabilities, physiological limits and other fundamental properties. Diverse bacteria and archaea require the temperatures found in geothermal environments for optimal growth, and are classified as extreme thermophiles. Geothermal activity typically provides chemical energy and nutrients that microorganisms can utilise. Extreme thermophiles use two basic strategies to avoid thermal denaturation of their enzymes: extrinsic stabilisation, conferred by certain small molecules, and intrinsic stabilisation, conferred by the specific structure and conformation of the enzyme itself. Intrinsically thermostable enzymes of extreme thermophiles allow certain chemical reactions to be catalysed with high specificity at high temperatures or under other harsh conditions.

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Extreme Thermophiles

Grogan¹

2020

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Extreme thermophiles are microorganisms adapted to temperatures normally found only in hot springs, hydrothermal vents and similar sites of geothermal activity. These microorganisms include diverse archaea and bacteria and represent a wide range of metabolic strategies. The geothermal environments populated by extreme thermophiles provide chemical resources for microbial metabolism. Various molecular features enable the cells of extreme thermophiles to function optimally at these temperatures, which kill other cells. These features include low‐molecular weight compounds that stabilise the conformations of proteins and nucleic acids, enzymes with intrinsically stable folded conformations and unusual lipids that form highly impermeable membranes. Metabolic activities and intrinsically stable enzymes of extreme thermophiles offer advantages for industrial and diagnostic processes ranging from ore processing to molecular genotyping. Key Concepts Bacteria and archaea consist of very simple (prokaryotic) cells but they vary greatly with respect to metabolic capabilities, physiological limits and other fundamental properties. The term ‘extreme thermophile’ usually denotes a microorganism which requires the temperatures found in geothermal environments for its optimal growth. Geothermal environments provide inorganic nutrients and sources of chemical energy that certain bacteria and archaea can utilise. Extreme thermophiles use two general strategies to avoid thermal denaturation of their enzymes: extrinsic stabilisation, conferred by certain small molecules, and intrinsic stabilisation, conferred by the specific structure and conformation of the enzyme itself. The intrinsically thermostable enzymes of extreme thermophiles are useful for biotechnology because they allow chemical reactions to be catalysed with high specificity at high temperatures or under other harsh conditions.

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Compatible solutes of organisms that live in hot saline environments

Cited by 250 publications

References 54 publications

Organic solutes in Rubrobacter xylanophilus: the first example of di-myo-inositol-phosphate in a thermophile

Organic solutes in Rubrobacter xylanophilus: the first example of di-myo-inositol-phosphate in a thermophile

Extreme Thermophiles

Extreme Thermophiles

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