Competency needs among managers from Spanish hotels and restaurants and their training demands

“Against all odds”: Head chefs profiled

“…This finding is similar to previous research which shows that the majority of top managerial positions are filled by men (Hertzman & Maas, 2012;Zopiatis, 2010;Kang et al, 2010;Chuang et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2011;Agut et al, 2003). There is also a higher representation of female chefs in certain sectors than others, with representation among the elite Michelin starred dining establishment even more marginal (Balazs, 2002;Druckman, 2010;Ko, 2012;Day, 2015).…”

“…In Zopiatis' study (2010) the majority of chefs in Cyprus had been working more than 20 years, with a similar picture in America where chefs had been working on average 24.8 years (Kang et al, 2010). While in Spain managers had managerial experience for an average of 16 years previously (Agut et al, 2003). These figures show that the culinary industry has a high degree of turnover with current job tenures only being about 7 or 8 years and many having held a number of previous jobs with other companies.…”

“…Previous research shows that the majority of top managerial positions in the culinary industry are filled by men rather than women (Zopiatis, 2010;Agut et al, 2003;Hertzman & Maas, 2012;Kang et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2011;Chuang et al, 2009;Raybould & Wilkins, 2005). These studies show that 95.7% of Cypriot chefs, 84% of Spanish participants, 85% of US chefs and head cooks and 83% of certified chefs of the American Culinary Federation, and 59% of senior food and beverage managers in Taiwan, were male.…”

“…The average age of managers in China is 37 years (Tu et al, 2006). In Spain (Agut et al, 2003) the mean age of hotel and restaurant managers was 41 years while in America members of the American Culinary Federation of certified chefs had a mean age of 45-54 years (Kang et al, 2010). Chefs in Cyprus (Zopiatis, 2010) had a range of ages between 20-50 years.…”

“…Job tenure was an average of 7 years in the Spanish hospitality industry (Agut et al, 2003), 7.4 years in America (Kang et al, 2010) and 8.5 years for managers in China (Tu et al, 2006). However the length of time employees had been working in the industry was much longer.…”