Competition Between Azido Cleavage and Triplet Nitrene Formation in Azidomethylacetophenones

Abstract

Photolysis of p- and m-azidomethylacetophenone (1a, 1b) in argon-saturated solutions yields predominantly imine 2a, 2b, whereas irradiation of 1a, 1b in oxygen-saturated solutions results in heterocycles 3a, 3b, aldehydes 4a, 4b and nitriles 5a, 5b. Density functional theory calculations place the energy of the first and second excited state of the triplet ketones (T1K and T2K) in 1a, 1b in close proximity to each other. The triplet transition state for cleaving the C–N bond in 1a, 1b to form azido and benzyl radicals 1aB, 1bB is located only 3 kcal mol–1 (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) above T1K, indicating that azido cleavage is feasible. The calculations place the energy of the triplet azido group (TA) in 1a, 1b ∼25 kcal mol–1 below T1K; thus, this process is also easily accessible via energy transfer. Further, the transition state barrier for TA to expel N2 and form triplet nitrenes is less than 1 kcal mol–1 above TA in 1a, 1b. Laser flash photolysis of 1a, 1b reveals the formation of the triplet excited ketones of 1a, 1b, which decay to form benzyl radicals 1aB, 1bB and triplet alkylnitrenes. The triplet ketones and the benzyl radicals are quenched with molecular oxygen at rates close to diffusion, whereas the triplet nitrenes react more slowly with oxygen (∼5 × 105 M–1 s–1). We conclude that the triplet alkylnitrenes intercept the benzyl radicals to form 2 in argon-saturated solution, whereas the benzyl radicals are trapped to form 4 in oxygen-saturated solution; thus, the triplet nitrenes react with oxygen to form 3.

The effects of H-bonding and sterics on the photoreactivity of a trimethyl butyrophenone derivative

“…However, we have previously shown that DFT calculations underestimate the energy of triplet ketones with (n,π*) configuration. 44,45 The calculated rotational barrier between the phenyl and ketone group for the T 1K of ester 1 is similar to the rotational barrier in the S 0 , or 6 kcal mol −1 (Fig. 5).…”

Tetrahydroisoquinolinone‐Based Steroidomimetic and Chimeric Microtubule Disruptors

“…Method as for 14a using compound 10 (320 mg, 0.95 mmol), 3-acetylbenzyl bromide [31] (59 wt%, 0.82 g, 2.25 mmol) and TEA (2.0 mL, 14.4 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) at 120 °C for 30 h. Flash column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc 8:1 to 6:1) afforded compound 14q as a yellow oil (290 mg, 65%). 1 H NMR (270 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ = 1.05 (18H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.12-1.30 (3H, m), 2.60 (3H, s), 2.65-2.76 (4H, m), 3.54 (2H, s), 3.70 (5H, s), 6.42 (1H, s), 6.58 (1H, s), 7.42 (1H, t, J = 7.7 Hz), 7.62 (1H, dt, J = 7.7, 1.5 Hz), 7.86 (1H, dt, J = 7.7, 1.5 Hz), 7.95 (1H, t, J = 1.5 Hz).…”

Phenylethanol derivatives as triplet sensitizers for 1‐azidoadamantane

“…However, triplet alkyl nitrenes can be formed by intermolecular and intramolecular sensitization of alkyl azides with acetophenone derivatives. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Acetophenone derivatives are excellent triplet sensitizers for alkyl azides because they absorb light at longer wavelengths than alkyl azides. In addition, acetophenone derivatives undergo intersystem crossing to their triplet states efficiently, with rate constants on the order of 10 11 s -1 and with quantum yields approaching unity.…”

“…Thus, intersystem crossing, either from the singlet excited state of the alkyl azide to its triplet excited state or from the singlet nitrene to its triplet configuration, must be slower than the formation of the imine product. However, triplet alkyl nitrenes can be formed by intermolecular and intramolecular sensitization of alkyl azides with acetophenone derivatives . Acetophenone derivatives are excellent triplet sensitizers for alkyl azides because they absorb light at longer wavelengths than alkyl azides.…”