Compilation of streamflow statistics calculated from daily mean streamflow data collected during water years 1901–2015 for selected U.S. Geological Survey streamgages

Granato, Gregory E.; Ries, Kernell G.; Steeves, Peter A.

doi:10.3133/ofr20171108

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The occurrence of zero streamflow was not considered here but leads to considerable increases in both C o and C s and corresponding increases in the variance of estimators of efficiency and correlation (Barber et al, 2019); thus, it is important to accommodate the occurrence of zeros. Zero streamflows are defined as streamflow below the measurement threshold which, in the United States is approximately 0.01 cfs (Granato et al, 2017). Of the 20,438 USGS river gages evaluated by Granato et al (2017), 36% of those gages had at least one occurrence of zero streamflow and 2.6% of those gages had more than 297 days per year (or 81.3%) of zero streamflow.…”

Section: Discussion: Caveats Improvements and Extensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zero streamflows are defined as streamflow below the measurement threshold which, in the United States is approximately 0.01 cfs (Granato et al, 2017). Of the 20,438 USGS river gages evaluated by Granato et al (2017), 36% of those gages had at least one occurrence of zero streamflow and 2.6% of those gages had more than 297 days per year (or 81.3%) of zero streamflow. According to Levick et al (2008), ephemeral and intermittent streams make up approximately 59% of all streams in the United States (excluding Alaska), and over 81% in the arid and semiarid Southwest according to the USGS National Hydrography Dataset.…”

Section: Discussion: Caveats Improvements and Extensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water Resources Research below the measurement threshold which, in the United States is approximately 0.01 cfs (Granato et al, 2017). Of the 20,438 USGS river gages evaluated by Granato et al (2017), 36% of those gages had at least one occurrence of zero streamflow and 2.6% of those gages had more than 297 days per year (or 81.3%) of zero streamflow.…”

Section: 1029/2020wr027101mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Improved Estimators of Model Performance Efficiency for Skewed Hydrologic Data

Lamontagne

Barber

Vogel

2020

Water Resources Research

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The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) are now the most widely used indices in hydrology for evaluation of the goodness of fit between model simulations S and observations O. We introduce two theoretical (probabilistic) definitions of efficiency, E and E′, based on the estimators NSE and KGE, respectively, which enable controlled Monte Carlo experiments at 447 watersheds to evaluate their performance. Although NSE is generally unbiased, it exhibits enormous variability from one sample to another, due to the remarkable skewness and periodicity of daily streamflow data. However, use of NSE with logarithms of daily streamflow leads to estimates of E with almost no variability from one sample to the next, though with high upward bias. We introduce improved estimators of E and E′ based on a bivariate lognormal monthly mixture model that are shown to yield considerable improvements over NSE and slight improvements over KGE in controlled Monte Carlo experiments. Our new estimators of E should avoid most previous criticisms of NSE implied by the literature. Improved estimators of E that account for skewness and periodicity are needed for daily and subdaily streamflow series because NSE is not suited to such applications. Plain Language Summary Reliable metrics are needed, which summarize the degree to which simulation model output reproduces the observations. Two of the most widely used metrics are Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE). Remarkably, this is the first study to provide a theoretical definition and treatment of these indices enabling controlled Monte Carlo experiments to evaluate their performance. Controlled experiments at 447 U.S. watersheds enable us to report the degree of bias and variability associated with these indices when applied to daily data. As expected, NSE is on average, equal to its theoretical value; thus, it provides an unbiased estimate of its theoretical value. However, NSE exhibits enormous variability from one sample to another due to the enormous skewness and periodicity of daily streamflows. Improved estimators are introduced, which account for skewness and periodicity of daily streamflow observations. Our improved estimators yield considerable improvements over NSE and slight improvements over KGE and are shown to avoid most previous criticisms of NSE implied by the literature. Simulation models are increasingly being used to mimic high frequency observations, which exhibit highly skewed and periodic behavior. In such instances, improved estimators of efficiency are needed because NSE is no longer suited to such applications. 1.1. Model Simulation and Calibration Consider the problem of evaluating the goodness of fit of watershed simulation model output S, to observations O. Let S t and O t represent the simulated and observed daily streamflow on day t, t ¼ 1, …, n, at the outlet of a watershed. A conceptual simulation model H[X, Ω] is envisioned, which converts a suite of model parameters Ω and inputs X t , such as rai...

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Section: Discussion: Caveats Improvements and Extensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussion: Caveats Improvements and Extensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 1029/2020wr027101mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Improved Estimators of Model Performance Efficiency for Skewed Hydrologic Data

Lamontagne

Barber

Vogel

2020

Water Resources Research

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“…Beginning near Stillwater, river stage is affected by the backwater resulting from impoundment of the main stem Mississippi River (to which the St. Croix is a tributary) for navigation at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Lock and Dam #3 near Diamond Bluff, Wisconsin ( Fig 1 ). At the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) St. Croix Falls streamgage (05340500; Fig 1 ), the mean annual flow between October 1, 1910, and September 30, 2015, is approximately 125 cubic meters per second (m 3 /s; [ 36 ]). Analysis of discharge records between 1902 and 2000 indicate the discharges for the 50 percent annual exceedance probability (AEP) and the 20 percent AEP floods are 631 m 3 /s and 929 m 3 /s, respectively [ 37 ].…”

Section: Study Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of hydraulic and geomorphic complexity in predicting invasive carp spawning potential: St. Croix River, Minnesota and Wisconsin, United States

et al. 2022

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Since they were first introduced to the United States more than 50 years ago, invasive carp have rapidly colonized rivers of the Mississippi River Basin, with detrimental effects on native aquatic species. Their continued range expansion, and potential for subsequent invasion of the Great Lakes, has led to increased concern for the susceptibility of as-yet uncompromised lotic and lentic systems in the central United States. Because invasive carp eggs and larvae must drift in the river current for the first several days following spawning, numerical drift modeling has emerged as a useful technique for determining whether certain river systems and reaches have the potential to support suspension-to-hatching survival of invasive carp eggs, a critical first step in recruitment. Here we use one such numerical modeling approach, the Fluvial Egg Drift Simulator (FluEgg), to estimate bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) egg hatching success and larval retention in a 47.8-kilometer (km) reach of the multi-thread St. Croix River, Minnesota and Wisconsin, United States. We explore three approaches for obtaining the hydraulic data required by FluEgg, parameterizing the model with either (a) field hydraulic data collected within the main channel during a high-flow event, or hydraulic data output from a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model with both (b) steady, and (c) unsteady flows. We find that the three approaches, along with the range of water temperatures and discharge used in simulations, produce vastly different predictions of streamwise transport and in-river egg hatching probability (0% for field data, 0 to 96% for steady-state hydraulic modeling, and 1.8 to 65% for unsteady modeling). However, all FluEgg simulations, regardless of the source of hydraulic data, predicted that no larvae reach the gas bladder inflation stage within the study reach where nursery habitat is abundant. Overall, these results indicate that the lower St. Croix River is suitable for invasive carp spawning and egg suspension until hatching for a range of discharge and water temperatures. These results highlight the role of complex channel hydraulics and morphology, particularly multi-thread reaches, and their inclusion in ecohydraulic-suitability modeling to determine susceptibility of river systems for invasive carp reproduction. Our work also emphasizes the scientific value of multi-dimensional hydrodynamic models that can capture the spatial heterogeneity of flow fields in geomorphically complex rivers. This work may help to guide management efforts based on the targeted monitoring and control and improve invasive carp egg and larvae sampling efficiency.

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“…Non-perennial streams account for the majority of channel length across networks at a global scale [5,10,11] and are predominantly represented by headwaters (2nd order or smaller). In spite of their prevalence, non-perennial streams and headwater streams in general are vastly underrepresented in existing stream gaging networks in the United States [12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Streamflow: Call for a National Data Repository of Streamflow Presence for Streams and Rivers in the United States

Jaeger

Hafen

Dunham

et al. 2021

Water

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Observations of the presence or absence of surface water in streams are useful for characterizing streamflow permanence, which includes the frequency, duration, and spatial extent of surface flow in streams and rivers. Such data are particularly valuable for headwater streams, which comprise the vast majority of channel length in stream networks, are often non-perennial, and are frequently the most data deficient. Datasets of surface water presence exist across multiple data collection groups in the United States but are not well aligned for easy integration. Given the value of these data, a unified approach for organizing information on surface water presence and absence collected by diverse surveys would facilitate more effective and broad application of these data and address the gap in streamflow data in headwaters. In this paper, we highlight the numerous existing datasets on surface water presence in headwater streams, including recently developed crowdsourcing approaches. We identify the challenges of integrating multiple surface water presence/absence datasets that include differences in the definitions and categories of streamflow status, data collection method, spatial and temporal resolution, and accuracy of geographic location. Finally, we provide a list of critical and useful components that could be used to integrate different streamflow permanence datasets.

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Compilation of streamflow statistics calculated from daily mean streamflow data collected during water years 1901–2015 for selected U.S. Geological Survey streamgages

Cited by 19 publications

References 2 publications

Improved Estimators of Model Performance Efficiency for Skewed Hydrologic Data

Improved Estimators of Model Performance Efficiency for Skewed Hydrologic Data

The role of hydraulic and geomorphic complexity in predicting invasive carp spawning potential: St. Croix River, Minnesota and Wisconsin, United States

Beyond Streamflow: Call for a National Data Repository of Streamflow Presence for Streams and Rivers in the United States

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