Complejidades y contradicciones de la política migratoria hacia la migración venezolana en el Perú

Institutional and Social Xenophobia Towards Venezuelan Migrants in the Context of a Racialized Country: The Case of Peru

“…The municipal and regional elections in 2018 (Berganza & Blouin, 2021) and the presidential election campaign of 2021 were characterized by the xenophobic discourses of several candidates. Moreover, the former President of Peru, Martin Vizcarra, declared publicly in June 2019 that 'bad elements' from Venezuela needed to be removed at the same time as he was promoting the need for the humanitarian visa and facilitating a massive deportation operation with the Interior Ministry (Blouin, 2021a). Similar declarations had also been made by local authorities in Lima and other cities in Peru (Berganza & Blouin, 2021).…”

“…This reaction can be related to the history of emigration to Venezuela but also to political discourses of welcoming which were predominant between 2016 and 2017. On the other hand, in a second moment, the association of immigrants with insecurity, the collapse of social services, and the general desire for immigrants to leave the country as soon as possible, have constituted a politics of rejection which have permeated Peruvian society (Blouin, 2021a).…”

“…Both countries had seen their migration dynamics transformed with this unprecedented and fast-growing migration. In the case of Peru, this migration has not been accompanied by a comprehensive rights-guaranteeing immigration policy, but rather by a confused policy characterized by exceptional and temporary measures at first, and later by restrictive measures including a visa requirement to enter the national territory and the impossibility of seeking asylum, among others (Blouin, 2021a). With the pandemic, the closure of borders and militarization took center stage.According to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), in 2019, 35.6% of the Venezuelan population residing in Peru suffered some form of discrimination.…”

Introduction: Emergent Issues of South American Migrations

“…Most of the countries have resorted to very short term measures that are incapable of dealing with the volume of the flows, as they have not managed to solve the high rates of irregularity. Such measures have also focused on generating temporary regularization processes through the approval of specific visas for Venezuelans or the imposition of barriers that prevent them from entering and settling (Herrera & Cabezas, 2019;Stefoni & Silva, 2018;Blouin, 2021). Thus, an equivocal approach to migration, which been carries over from the previous stage, has congealed by considering migration to be a short-term phenomenon, which has led to a constant recourse to emergency measures to respond to periods of increased arrivals, waiting for the flow to decrease or reverse its trend.…”

Minimum wage, immigration and its effects on Peruvian employment, 2021.

“…Estos estereotipos dan sentido a dan sentido a la discriminación y la criminalización en la vida cotidiana (Freier & Pérez, 2021). Es por ello que el estado peruano adoptó políticas migratorias frente a la inmigración venezolana que se asentó en una lógica de control, contraponiendo la seguridad y los derechos humanos, se buscó garantizar y proteger los derechos de refugiados y sancionar e impedir el ingreso de los inmigrantes indeseables (Blouin, 2021).…”