The COVID-19 health crisis has put to the test Latin America’s already precarious social protection systems. This paper comparatively examines what type of social protection has been provided, by whom, and to what extent migrant and refugee populations have been included in these programmes in seven countries of the region during the COVID-19 pandemic, between March and December 2020. We develop a typology of models of social protection highlighting the assemblages of actors, different modes of protection and the emerging migrants’ subjectification in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay in relation to Non-Contributory Social Transfer (NCST) programmes and other actions undertaken by state and non-state actors. The analysis is based on 85 semi-structured interviews with representatives of national and local governments, International Organisations, Civil Society Organisations, and migrant-led organisations across 16 cities, and a systematic review of regulatory frameworks in the country-case studies. The proposed typology shows broad heterogeneity and complexity regarding different degrees of inclusion of migrant and refugee populations, particularly in pre-existing and new NCST programmes. These actions are furthering notions of migrant protection that are contingent and crisis-driven, imposing temporal limitations that often selectively exclude migrants based on legal status. It also brings to the fore the path-dependent nature of policies and practices of exclusion/inclusion in the region, which impact on migrants’ effective access to social and economic rights, while shaping the broader dynamics of migration governance in the region.
The displacement of Venezuelan citizens represents an important test for Latin American refugee policies. In mid‐2020, over 5 million people in need of international protection had left Venezuela, and there have been repeated calls for their recognition as refugees. Although fifteen countries in Latin America have included the refugee definition of the Cartagena Declaration into their domestic laws, only Mexico and Brazil have applied this definition to Venezuelan citizens. After a brief discussion of the history and scope of the Cartagena Declaration refugee definition and its incorporation into domestic legislation across Latin America, in this article, we provide a systematic legal analysis of its applicability to Venezuelan displacement. We conclude with policy recommendations and suggestions for further research.
Esta obra reúne un trabajo de investigación inédito con énfasis cualitativo sobre la migración venezolana en el más reciente contexto de crisis humanitaria, privilegiando el examen de los contextos de acogida intrarregionales y extrarregionales. El producto final es el resultado de un diseño de investigación único aplicado en trece ciudades latinoamericanas durante el segundo semestre de 2018, por más de una treintena de investigadoras e investigadores latinoamericanos. Asimismo, incluye una descripción detallada de las condiciones de vida en Venezuela y del contexto de salida de esta migración. El problema de investigación que se aborda permite conocer cómo, al amparo de los marcos jurídicos vigentes, se producen los procesos de inclusión social de un flujo masivo, con poca experiencia de migración internacional, que huye de una crisis humanitaria dirigiéndose a países, alguno de los cuales también tienen poca o nula experiencia como contextos de acogida de la migración de este origen. La evidencia cualitativa recogida a través de más de 200 entrevistas semiestructuradas, combinada con la revisión exhaustiva de fuentes secundarias de información sobre la magnitud y perfil del flujo de venezolanos y el análisis de los instrumentos de protección jurídica vigentes a nivel nacional y regional, evidencian de qué manera los distintos contextos de acogida se han estructurado en torno a un gradiente de desprotección-seguridad jurídica. Este gradiente abarca desde el diseño y aplicación de instrumentos y acciones coyunturales, dentro de los que se encuentran las respuestas de Colombia, Chile, Perú o Brasil, hasta la implementación de marcos normativos más amplios, que como en el caso uruguayo o mexicano entienden a la migración desde el enfoque de derechos. La multiplicidad de respuestas nacionales y regionales para un flujo que superaba hacia 2017 los tres millones de personas, da lugar a distintas trayectorias individuales y familiares hacia la inclusión social que aquí analizamos atendiendo al acceso al trabajo, a la vivienda, salud, educación y seguridad social. Esta obra constituye a la literatura académica sobre migración internacional con hallazgos que interpelan las clasificaciones binarias de países de inmigración/emigración, al dar cuenta de las transformaciones más recientes de las migraciones sur-sur donde priman la heterogeneidad de motivaciones de la migración y la coexistencia de flujos de tránsito, emigración e inmigración.
This article reflects on the construction and application of different migratory categories in the Peruvian context, including irregular migrants, refugees, victims of trafficking, and smuggled migrants. Through legal analysis and interviews with key migration actors in the country, the paper explores the ways in which Peru responds to migrants in these different categories, in view of the recent changes in human mobility in the country. The article aims to shed light on the fragmentation of migratory categories and the negative effects this has on migrants’ human rights. It is exploratory in nature and serves as a starting point for further debate on the subject.
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