Complementary Feeding: Critical Considerations to Optimize Growth, Nutrition, and Feeding Behavior

Young, Bridget E.; Krebs, Nancy F.

doi:10.1007/s40124-013-0030-8

Cited by 39 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…18,27 In this study, children whose introduction to CFs was earlier than 4 months of age had a 1.7 and 1.6 times risk of being underweight (WAZ < −2 z score) or stunted (HAZ < −2 z score), respectively, compared with children who had a timely introduction to CFs. One study in rural Senegal reported similar findings that infants complemented at 2-3 months of age had significantly lower length for age and weight for length.…”

Section: -26mentioning

confidence: 78%

“…During these dynamic months, the infant must make the transition to consuming a variety of textures and types of foods while meeting relatively high nutrient requirements. 18 Promoting optimal CF practices in developing countries is a global health priority. 19 However, based on previous reports, timely initiation of CF at the 6th month of age in developing countries, such as Ethiopia, Nairobi, and so forth, was usually under 50%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inappropriate Feeding Behavior: One of the Important Causes of Malnutrition in 6- to 36-Month-Old Children in Myanmar

Zhao¹,

Gao²,

Li³

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The complementary feeding period is an important time for children's growth and development. This study was conducted to 1) determine the feeding behaviors of 6-to 36-month-old children in Myanmar, 2) explore health effects of feeding behaviors, and 3) determine factors associated with feeding behaviors. A total of 807 children and their mothers (N = 642) were recruited from nine villages in Kachin, Shan, and Kokang, Myanmar. Feeding behaviors and sociodemographic characteristics were investigated using a validated questionnaire. Hemoglobin and anthropometric indicators were measured during the fieldwork. In our sample, 18.6%, 72.7%, and 9.8% of children were introduced to complementary foods (CFs) earlier than 4 months of age, between 4 and 8 months of age, and later than 8 months of age, respectively. For different types of CFs, up to the age of 24.1-36 months, there were still 6.5% and 4.1% of the children who had never been introduced to eggs and meat. Introduction of CFs earlier than 4 months of age was a risk factor for being underweight (age-adjusted odds ratio (OR adjust-age ) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-2.5) and for stunting (OR adjust-age = 1.6, 95% CI = 1

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Section: -26mentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inappropriate Feeding Behavior: One of the Important Causes of Malnutrition in 6- to 36-Month-Old Children in Myanmar

Zhao¹,

Gao²,

Li³

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Early dietary patterns are critical to growth and development in children and play an important role in the development of food preferences and habits [1,2]. The selection of foods offered, repeated exposure to new foods, as well as the feeding style parents use are all critical elements in the development of healthy eating habits in infants and toddlers [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The selection of foods offered, repeated exposure to new foods, as well as the feeding style parents use are all critical elements in the development of healthy eating habits in infants and toddlers [1][2][3][4]. Improper infant feeding practices have been implicated in early development of overweight in infants, and infant overweight is a strong predictor of early childhood obesity [5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early development of dietary patterns: transitions in the contribution of food groups to total energy—Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study, 2008

et al. 2017

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Background: Early dietary patterns are critical to growth and development and play an important role in development of food preferences and habits. The objective of this paper is to describe when different foods enter the diet and how food consumption changes over the period of complementary feeding. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional 24-h dietary recall data from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2008, a nationally representative sample of young children. Data are presented for 7 age groups: 6-8.9 months (n = 249), 9-11. 9 months (n = 256), 12-14.9 months (n = 243), 15-17.9 months (n = 251), 18-20.9 months (n = 219), 21-23. 9 months (n = 212) and 24-47.9 months (n = 1461). Per capita energy was calculated from major food groups and specific types of food within each food group. Results: The predominant source of energy in the infant diet was milk (breast milk and infant formula), contributing 98% of energy at 0-3 months, and 91% at 4-5 months. At 6-8 months, when complementary feeding had begun for most infants, 69% of daily energy was coming from milk, 11% from grains, 6% from fruits, 5% from vegetables and 4% from mixed dishes. The diet then quickly transitioned until at 21-23.9 months, 26% of energy came from milk, with other key sources of energy being grains (17%), mixed dishes (14%), meats (12%) and sweets (12%). The period from 4 to 14 months was the most dynamic period of change regarding the introduction of complementary foods for all food groups, with a slower rate of change between 15 and 24 months. After 24 months, the diet stabilized and included less energy from milk (20%) and vegetables (4%) and more energy from mixed dishes (18%), grains (16%), and sweets (17%), and began to resemble adult diets. Conclusions: Feeding in the first 24 months shapes dietary patterns, and thus provides a critical window of opportunity to shape subsequent dietary patterns and eating habits. Findings from FITS identified high sweet and low vegetable consumption as key issues. Education is needed for health care professionals and parents on feeding during this important period. These findings can be used to support the development of specific and actionable feeding guidance for parents.

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“…The timely introduction of complementary foods is essential to fulfil the nutritional and developmental needs of a child and to facilitate the dietary changes occurring from 6 to 24 months of age (1) . The early years are also a time when parental practices, food preferences and dietary habits are established (2)(3)(4) . Thus, structure and routine are particularly important considerations for parents when feeding their children.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional analysis of eating patterns and snacking in the US Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008

Deming

Reidy

Fox

et al. 2017

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To explore eating patterns and snacking among US infants, toddlers and pre-school children. Design: The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2008 was a cross-sectional national survey of children aged 6-47 months, weighted to reflect US age and racial/ethnic distributions. Dietary data were collected using one multiple-pass 24 h recall. Eating occasions were categorized as meals, snacks or other (comprised of all feedings of breast milk and/or infant formula). The percentage of children consuming meals and snacks and their contribution to total energy, the number of snacks consumed per day, energy and nutrients coming from snacks and the most commonly consumed snacks were evaluated by age. Setting: A national sample of US infants, toddlers and pre-school children. Subjects: A total of 2891 children in five age groups: 6-8 months (n 249), 9-11 months (n 256), 12-23 months (n 925), 24-35 months (n 736) and 36-47 months (n 725). Results: Snacks were already consumed by 37 % of infants beginning at 6 months; by 12 months of age, nearly 95 % were consuming at least one snack per day. Snacks provided 25 % of daily energy from the age of 12 months. Approximately 40 % of toddlers and pre-school children consumed fruit and cow's milk during snacks; about 25 % consumed 100 % fruit juice. Cookies were introduced early; by 24 months, 57 % consumed cookies or candy in a given day. Conclusions: Snacking is common, contributing significantly to daily energy and nutrient needs of toddlers and pre-school children. There is room for improvement, however, with many popular snacking choices contributing to excess sugar.

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Complementary Feeding: Critical Considerations to Optimize Growth, Nutrition, and Feeding Behavior

Cited by 39 publications

References 80 publications

Inappropriate Feeding Behavior: One of the Important Causes of Malnutrition in 6- to 36-Month-Old Children in Myanmar

Inappropriate Feeding Behavior: One of the Important Causes of Malnutrition in 6- to 36-Month-Old Children in Myanmar

Early development of dietary patterns: transitions in the contribution of food groups to total energy—Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study, 2008

Cross-sectional analysis of eating patterns and snacking in the US Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008

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