Complete conversion of all typical glycosylated protopanaxatriol ginsenosides to aglycon protopanaxatriol by combined bacterial β-glycosidases

Abstract

Aglycon protopanaxatriol (APPT) has valuable pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory and anti-stress activities. However, the complete conversion of all typical glycosylated protopanaxatriol ginsenosides to APPT has not been achieved to date. β-Glycosidase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Dictyoglomus turgidum (DT-bgl) hydrolyzes the glucose residues at C-6 and the inner glucose at C-20 in protopanaxatriol (PPT), but not the outer rhamnose residues at C-6. In contrast, β-glycosidase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Pyrococcus furiosus (PF-bgl) hydrolyzes the outer rhamnose residue at C-6 but not the inner glucose residues at C-6 and C-20 in PPT. Thus, the combined use of DT-bgl and PF-bgl resulted in the complete the conversion of all typical glycosylated PPT ginsenosides, including R1, R2, Re, Rg1, Rg2, Rh1, Rf, F1, F3, and F5, to APPT. DT-bgl combined with PF-bgl completely hydrolyzed 1.0 mg ml−1 R1 and 1.0 mg ml−1 total PPT-type ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng root extract to 0.5 and 0.63 mg ml−1 APPT for 4 and 3 h, with molar conversions of 100% and productivities of 125 and 210 mg l−1 h−1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete conversion of all typical glycosylated PPT ginsenosides to APPT and the highest productivity of APPT obtained from ginseng extract achieved to date.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13568-018-0543-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic evaluation of Korean Red Ginseng components using radioisotopes in a rat model

“…They then turn into PPD when further metabolized, which causes the glucose to be separated. Triol-ginsenosides lose all sugar moieties, and only the PPT skeleton remains [ 32 ]. The radioisotope measurement method was not widely used because the handling of isotopes is difficult.…”

Fullerol C60(OH)24 Nanoparticles and Drought Impact on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during Growth and Infection with Aspergillus flavus

“…Fullerols C 60 (OH) 24 are oxidized fullerene C 60 derivatives that are soluble in water, a result of the passage of fullerene C 60 through different environmentally relevant routes and photoexcitation in the presence of oxygen [ 1 ]. In the environment, fullerene C 60 is present in nano-sized form (nC 60 ) and its environmentally relevant daughter product fullerol C 60 (OH) 24 nanoparticles (FNP) has a tendency to form aggregates in water, with a size ranking from 1 to 100 nm in diameter, and most of them take up 10 nm [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. The nC 60 and FNP are the result of natural processes in geological materials, but their presence in the environment could be the result of accidental and intentional release processes such as domestic propane and natural gas combustion, fuel-gas burning, ethylene flames, candle emissions, and coal and biomass burning.…”

“…Nanomaterials have the ability to interact with the environment although their reactivity is still poorly understood. Much effort has been put into understanding the mechanisms of FNP action during their interaction with mycotoxigenic fungi [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Former research raises questions about the impact of FNP on real substrates for foodborne fungi.…”