Complete Evaluation of Dementia: PET and MRI Correlation and Diagnosis for the Neuroradiologist

Abstract

This article will familiarize neuroradiologists with the pathophysiology, clinical findings, and standard MR imaging and PET imaging features of multiple forms of dementia as well as new emerging techniques. Cases were compiled from multiple institutions with the goal of improved diagnostic accuracy and improved patient care as well as information about biomarkers on the horizon. Dementia topics addressed include the following: Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson disease and Parkinson disease variants, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multisystem atrophy, Huntington disease vascular dementia, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.ABBREVIATIONS: AD ¼ Alzheimer disease; CAA ¼ cerebral amyloid angiopathy; CBD ¼ corticobasilar degeneration; FTD ¼ frontotemporal dementia; LBD ¼ Lewy body dementia; MCI ¼ mild cognitive impairment; MH ¼ microhemorrhages; MSA ¼ multisystem atrophy; PD ¼ Parkinson disease; PSP ¼ progressive supranuclear palsy; rsfMRI ¼ resting-state fMRI

The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of dementia

“…In LBD, the thalamus is also affected, but predominantly in the ventral-dorsal and pulvinar regions [30]. In AD, thalamic involvement includes asymmetric atrophy in the ventrolateral and ventromedial nuclei correlating with the severity of the disease and also the atrophy of the caudate nucleus [18,31]. Although some deep GM atrophy patterns have been established, there are still some discrepancies between studies; hence, further research is needed.…”

Next Generation Cognition-Aware Hearing Aid Devices With Microwave Sensors: Opportunities and Challenges

“…Brain imaging is an essential tool in the diagnosis and determines the future treatment options available to the patient. Currently, CT-Scan, MRI and carotid ultrasound are being used for brain imaging and vascular dementia diagnosis [106] [107]. But these technologies are expensive, require extensive medical supervision and are not easily accessible, which causes substantial delays in diagnosis and results in irreversible damage.…”

Cholinergic Receptor Modulation as a Target for Preventing Dementia in Parkinson’s Disease

“…For example, previous studies have found a correlation between cortical thinning and PD dementia (PDD) (Chung et al, 2021). The methodological advances in structural and functional brain analysis could permit the prediction of PDD development in clinical settings (Oldan et al, 2021;Owens-Walton et al, 2021;Shin et al, 2021). A recent retrospective study explored whether the assessment of cortical thickness by MRI combined with other clinical symptoms using a machine learning-based model could predict the transition from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia in PD.…”