Complete Genome Analysis of Coxsackievirus A2, A4, A5, and A10 Strains Isolated from Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Patients in China Revealing Frequent Recombination of Human Enterovirus A

High prevalence of coxsackievirus A2 in children with herpangina in Thailand in 2015

“…Their predominance and prevalence varied with geographical locations, seasonality, and population susceptibility [1,4,14]. Determinants of clinical manifestation and disease severity have been linked to specific serotypes and co-infection status, which can sometimes lead to death [10].…”

Three-step method for the amplification of the coxsackievirus A10 genome

“…b Table 2 refers to Hu et al (2011), and nucleotide positions were based on the genome of the CV-A10/SD/CHN/09 (HQ728262) strain. …”

“…a 5'UTR, EVP4, and A1005R refer to Ishiko et al (2002) and Hu et al (2011), and nucleotide positions were based on the genomes of the CV-A10-Kowalik strain (AY421767) or the CV-A10/SD/CHN/09 (HQ728262) strain. The six-step PCR was carried out with six pairs of primers (Table 2) for the amplification of the whole-genome sequences of the CV-A10 strains (Hu et al, 2011).…”

“…The six-step PCR was carried out with six pairs of primers (Table 2) for the amplification of the whole-genome sequences of the CV-A10 strains (Hu et al, 2011). The six-step PCR was performed according to the following regimen: a total of 35 cycles of 30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 55°C, and 0.5 to 3 min at 72°C.…”

“…The PCR regimen was as follows: 1) 35 cycles of 98°C for 10 s, 55°C for 15 s, and 68°C for 35 s; 2) 35 cycles of 98°C for 10 s, 63°C for 15 s, and 68°C for 4 min; and 3) 35 cycles of 98°C for 10 s, 55°C for 15 s, and 68°C for 1 min and 20 s. The products of eight CV-A10 strains were then subjected to 1.2% agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 2). The A105UF, A1005R, and EVP4 primers were those described by Hu et al (2011) and Ishiko et al (2002). The A820, A6141, and A4879 primers were designed in reference to the Kowalik strain (AY421767) and the CV-A10/SD/CHN/09 strain (HQ728262), and synthesized by Invitrogen Co. (Invitrogen, Shanghai, China).…”