“…And the content and structure of control regions are vastly different across the major molluscan lineages, with high rates of evolutionary turnover by novel tandem duplications, often of previously duplicated regions [20,38,51,73,90,91]; transpositions, especially of tRNAs, into this region [21,32,73,92,93]; and newly evolved simple sequence repeats such as poly(AT) tracts [94,95]. Together these primary sequence features share the ability to produce secondary structures including stem-loop [34,96], cloverleaf [56,84,97,98] and cruciform [89] structures in the control region, which in other organisms appear to be related to mtDNA replication and transcription [1,56].…”