IntroductionStem cell therapy has recently been introduced to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, no data are available on the efficacy and safety of allogeneic Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell (WJ-MSC) transplantation in patients with T2DM. Here we performed a non-placebo controlled prospective phase I/II study to determine efficacy and safety of WJ-MSC transplantation in T2DM.MethodsTwenty-two patients with T2DM were enrolled and received WJ-MSC transplantation through one intravenous injection and one intrapancreatic endovascular injection (catheterization). They were followed up for 12 months after transplantation. The primary endpoints were changes in the levels of glycated hemoglobin and C-peptide and the secondary endpoints included insulin dosage, fasting blood glucose (FBG), post-meal blood glucose (PBG), inflammatory markers and T lymphocyte counts.ResultsWJ-MSC transplantation significantly decreased the levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin, improved C-peptide levels and beta cell function, and reduced markers of systemic inflammation and T lymphocyte counts. No major WJ-MSC transplantation-related adverse events occurred, but data suggest a temporary decrease in levels of C-peptide and beta cell function at one month after treatment, possibly related to intrapancreatic endovascular injection.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that treatment with WJ-MSCs can improve metabolic control and beta cell function in patients with T2DM. The therapeutic mechanism may involve improvements in systemic inflammation and/or immunological regulation.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Register ChiCTR-ONC-10000985. Registered 23 September 2010

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Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors prevented bond strength loss of an etch-andrinse adhesive over time. Bond strength of a self-etching adhesive was not significantly reduced with 9 months of aging; thus, MMP inhibitors did not show a significant effect. SUMMARY Aim:This study aimed to analyze the effect of different matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors on the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) of an etch-and-rinse and a selfetching adhesive after 9 months of aging.Methods and Materials: Flat human dentin surfaces were bonded either with an etch-andrinse adhesive (Optibond FL) or a self-etching adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond). Dentin surfaces were left untreated or were pretreated with MMP inhibitors (2% chlorhexidine digluconate [CHX], 0.05% green tea extract, 1 mM ferrous sulfate, or 0.2 mM galardin) prior to application of the adhesive. Composite buildups were made incrementally. Pretreated groups were tested after 9 months of storage in artificial saliva (378C) and compared with untreated groups, which were tested immediately (initial microTBS) and upon aging (9-month microTBS). Data were analyzed by linear mixedmodel regression. Failure mode analysis was performed microscopically and statistically analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (p,0.05).

Background: Alterations of oral microbiota are the main cause of the progression of caries. The goal of this study was to characterize the oral microbiota in childhood caries based on single-molecule real-time sequencing.Methods: A total of 21 preschoolers, aged 3–5 years old with severe early childhood caries, and 20 age-matched, caries-free children as controls were recruited. Saliva samples were collected, followed by DNA extraction, Pacbio sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses of the oral microbial communities.Results: Eight hundred and seventy six species derived from 13 known bacterial phyla and 110 genera were detected from 41 children using Pacbio sequencing. At the species level, 38 species, including Veillonella spp., Streptococcus spp., Prevotella spp., and Lactobacillus spp., showed higher abundance in the caries group compared to the caries-free group (p < 0.05). The core microbiota at the genus and species levels was more stable in the caries-free micro-ecological niche. At follow-up, oral examinations 6 months after sample collection, development of new dental caries was observed in 5 children (the transitional group) among the 21 caries free children. Compared with the caries-free children, in the transitional and caries groups, 6 species, which were more abundant in the caries-free group, exhibited a relatively low abundance in both the caries group and the transitional group (p < 0.05). We conclude that Abiotrophia spp., Neisseria spp., and Veillonella spp., might be associated with healthy oral microbial ecosystem. Prevotella spp., Lactobacillus spp., Dialister spp., and Filifactor spp. may be related to the pathogenesis and progression of dental caries.

BackgroundBone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) are both used to treat spastic cerebral palsy. However, the differences in therapeutic effect remain unknown.MethodsA total of 105 patients with spastic cerebral palsy were enrolled and randomly assigned to three groups: the BMMSC group, the BMMNC group and the control group. Patients in both transplantation groups received four intrathecal cell injections. Patients in the control group received Bobath therapy. The gross motor function measure (GMFM) and the fine motor function measure (FMFM) were used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy before transplantation and 3, 6, and 12 months after transplantation.ResultsThree months after cell transplantation, scores in the A dimension of GMFM and the A and C dimensions of FMFM scores in the BMMSC group are all higher than those of the BMMNC and the control groups (P < 0.05). Six months after cell transplantation, scores in the A, B dimensions of GMFM and the A, B, C, D, and E dimensions of FMFM scores in the BMMSC group are higher than those of the BMMNC and the control groups (P < 0.05). Twelve months after cell transplantation, scores in the A, B, and C dimensions of GMFM and the A, B, C, D, and E dimensions of FMFM scores in the BMMSC group are all higher than those of the BMMNC and the control groups (P < 0.05). No obvious adverse effects were investigated during follow-up.ConclusionsBMMSC transplantation for the treatment of cerebral palsy is safe and feasible, and can improve gross motor and fine motor function significantly. In addition, compared with BMMNC, the motor function of children improved significantly in terms of gross motor and fine motor functions.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1149-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.