Complete mitogenome of the Lesser Purple Emperor <I>Apatura ilia</I> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Apaturinae) and comparison with other nymphalid butterflies

Abstract

Abstract:The complete mitochondrial genome of Apatura ilia (GenBank accession no. JF437925) was determined as a circular DNA molecule of 15 242 bp, with common genes of 13 putative proteins, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs and of the same gene arrangement as in other sequenced lepidopterans. All protein-coding genes had the typical start codon ATN, except for the COI's using CGA as its start codon as previously demonstrated in other lepidopteran species. The comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the A. ilia mitogenome with ten other Nymphalidae species showed nearly identical gene orientation and arrangement, with only a few alterations in non-coding fragments. The nucleotide composition and codon frequency all fell into the range estimated for the order Lepidoptera. The A. ilia mitochondrial genome had the canonical set of 22 tRNA genes folded in the typical cloverleaf structure, with an unique exception of tRNA Ser (AGN). The mitochondrial genes from A. ilia were overlapped in a total of 33 bp at 9 locations, as well as interleaved with a total of 155 bp intergenic spacers, spread over 12 regions with the size ranging from 1 to 49 bp. Furthermore, the spacer between ND6 and Cyt b harbored a microsatellite-like repeat (TA) 23 not found in other completely sequenced nymphalid genomes. The 403 bp AT-rich region harbored two conserved motifs (ATAGA, ATTTA), a 21 bp polyT stretch, a 10 bp poly-A region, along with two microsatellite-like repeats ( (TA) 10 and (TA) 7 ), as detected in other nymphalid butterflies.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the long-horned caddisfly Triaenodes tardus (Insecta: Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)

“…Triaenodes tardus COX1 features an atypical TTG start codon as in some Lepidoptera (Chen et al 2012) and prokaryotes (Asano 2014). The mitogenome contains three protein-coding genes (COX2, NAD4, and NAD5) with single-nucleotide (T) stop codons, and two protein-coding genes (ATP6 and NAD3) with two-nucleotide (TA) stop codons completed by post-transcriptional addition of 3 0 A residues.…”

The complete mitochondrial genomes of the Fenton′s wood white, Leptidea morsei, and the lemon emigrant, Catopsilia pomona

“…All tRNAs could be folded into the typical clover leaf secondary structure, whereas tRNA Ser (AGN) in both mitochondrial genomes lacked the dihydrouridine (DHU) loop. This feature has been shown in the majority of metazoan mitogenomes, including all those sequenced from butterflies ( Kim, I. et al 2006 ; Hong, G. Y. et al 2009 ; Hu et al 2010;Kim, M. I. et al 2009 ; Xia et al 2011;Wang et al 2011; Kim, M. J. et al 2010, 2011a, 2011b; Chen et al 2012; Shi et al 2012; Tian et al 2012 ). The anticodon for tRNA Ser (AGN) in mitogenomes of butterfly species was either TCT, GCT, or ACT, whereas only GCT was detected in all other sequenced mitogenomes of pierid species ( P. rapae, A. crataegi , D. hyparete , and A. melete ) ( Hong, G. Y. et al 2009 , Mao et al 2010 , Park et al 2012 , Shi et al 2012 ).…”

Complete mitogenome of the Painted Jezebel, <I>Delias hyparete</I> Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and its comparison with other butterfly species

“…The 10 bp polyA-like structure upstream tRNA Met is absent in other two sequenced Pieridae species Artogeia melete and Pieris rapae (Mao et al, 2010). However, a similar case was found in other butterfly species, for example, the polyA structure of Acraea issoria and Apatura ilia are also inserted by a single G and T base, respectively Chen et al, 2012).…”

“…The D. hyparete tRNAs harbor a total of 24 unmatched base pairs within the stem region: 17 are G•U pairs, the remaining 7 are atypical pairs, including 5 U•U pairs and 2 A•C pairs, all of which form a weak bond in the tRNAs and could be corrected through RNA-editing mechanisms (Yokobori & Pääbo, 1995;Lavrov et al, 2000). All tRNAs possess an invariable 7 bp in the aminoacyl stem, as commonly found in other butterfly species (Kim et al, 2009;Kim et al, 2010;Chen et al, 2012), 21 tRNAs harbor 7 bp in the anticodon loop (except 9 bp in tRNA His ), and 19 tRNAs harbor 5 bp in the anticodon stem (except 4 base pairs in tRNA Ile , tRNA Gln and tRNA Lys ). Additionally, most tRNA size variations result from length variations in the DHU and TΨC arms, within which loop sizes (3−9 bp) are slightly more variable than the stem sizes (3−5 bp).…”