Complete Sequence of the Mitochondrial DNA in the Sea UrchinArbacia lixula:Conserved Features of the Echinoid Mitochondrial Genome

Giorgi, Carla De; Martiradonna, Antonia; Lanave, Cecilia; Saccone, Cecilia

doi:10.1006/mpev.1996.0027

Cited by 57 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…The different genes of each taxon were combined into one supergene because, as has been demonstrated by statistical analysis (30), in this manner, the stochastic effects of limited sequence data are reduced. The analyses were performed primarily on a data set that, in addition to the gnathostomes, included the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus (14), but rooting of the gnathostome tree also was tested separately with the hagfish Myxine glutinosa (8), the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae (23), and three echinodermsone starfish and two sea urchins-Arbacia lixula (24), Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (25), and Asterina pectinifera, (26).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(22). Analyses also were carried out by using the same taxa with an addition of different outgroup sequences: the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa (8), the lancelet, Branchiostoma floridae (23), and three echinoderm sequences, Arbacia lixula (24), Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (25), and Asterina pectinifera (26). The phylogenetic analyses [maximum likelihood (ML) (27), neighbor joining (NJ) (28), and maximum parsimony (MP) (29)] were performed on amino acid as well as nucleotide alignments of the concatenated sequences of 12 mitochondrial protein-coding genes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular studies suggest that cartilaginous fishes have a terminal position in the piscine tree

Rasmussen

Árnason

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) are commonly accepted as being sister group to the other extant Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates). To clarify gnathostome relationships and to aid in resolving and dating the major piscine divergences, we have sequenced the complete mtDNA of the starry skate and have included it in phylogenetic analysis along with three squalomorph chondrichthyans-the common dogfish, the spiny dogfish, and the star spotted dogfish-and a number of bony fishes and amniotes. The direction of evolution within the gnathostome tree was established by rooting it with the most closely related nongnathostome outgroup, the sea lamprey, as well as with some more distantly related taxa. The analyses placed the chondrichthyans in a terminal position in the piscine tree. These findings, which also suggest that the origin of the amniote lineage is older than the age of the oldest extant bony fishes (the lungfishes), challenge the evolutionary direction of several morphological characters that have been used in reconstructing gnathostome relationships. Applying as a calibration point the age of the oldest lungfish fossils, 400 million years, the molecular estimate placed the squalomorph͞ batomorph divergence at Ϸ190 million years before present. This dating is consistent with the occurrence of the earliest batomorph (skates and rays) fossils in the paleontological record. The split between gnathostome fishes and the amniote lineage was dated at Ϸ420 million years before present.The relationship between gnathostomous fishes and their terrestrial relatives is of fundamental importance for the understanding of vertebrate evolution. Molecular analyses of this relationship have addressed in particular the question of whether, among extant fishes, the lungfishes or the coelacanth are the sister group to terrestrial vertebrates. However, although these analyses have differed with respect to the taxa included, a teleostean (1-4) or chondrichthyan (5) rooting of the gnathostome tree has been a common characteristic, and these studies have, in general, supported a sister group relationship between lungfishes and amniotes (or tetrapods). Because the application of rooting automatically gives evolutionary direction to a tree, it is essential that rooting is performed by using an outgroup that is unambiguously positioned without the ingroup taxa. The commonly applied teleostean rooting of the vertebrate tree is incompatible with piscine paleontology (6, 7) whereas the chondrichthyan rooting is subjective in the sense that it assumes a priori that chondrichthyans are the sister group of all other extant gnathostomes. Therefore, the application of either the teleostean or chondrichthyan rooting is inconsistent with the criterion that unequivocal outgroups should be used to establish the polarity of phylogenetic trees.The conclusions based on the teleostean and chondrichthyan rooting have been challenged in two recent molecular studies (8, 9) in which the gnathostome tree was rooted by using non-gnathostome tax...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular studies suggest that cartilaginous fishes have a terminal position in the piscine tree

Rasmussen

Árnason

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Intergeneric, interfamily, and interorder phylogenies have been studied using the 12S and 16S rRNA gene sequences Hay et al, 1995;Titus and Larson, 1995;Ruvinsky and Maxson, 1996;Moore, 1996, 1998;Kobel et al, 1998). On the other hand, the homologies or differences of each mitochondrial gene or D-loop region have been recently reported among several related animal species based on the complete nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genomes (Giorgi et al, 1996;Lopez et al, 1996;Xu et al, 1996;Härlid et al, 1997;Kim et al, 1998;Sumida et al, in preparation). These studies showed that the degrees of homologies between mtDNAs varied according to the individual genes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence variation and structural conservation in the D-loop region and flanking genes of mitochondrial DNA from Japanese pond frogs.

et al. 2000

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The nucleotide sequences of the D-loop region and its flanking genes of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Japanese pond frogs were determined by the methods of PCR, cloning, and sequencing. The frogs belonged to two species, one subspecies, and one local race. The gene arrangements adjacent to the D-loop region were analyzed. The frogs shared a unique mitochondrial gene order that was found in Rana catesbeiana; i.e., cyt b -D-loop region -tRNA Leu(CUN) -tRNA Thr -tRNA Pro -tRNA Phe -12S rRNA. The arrangements of the three tRNA genes of these frogs were different from those of X. laevis, a species which has the same overall structure as in mammals. Highly repetitive sequences with repeat units (16-bp or 17-bp sequence specific for each taxon) were found in the D-loop region. The length of repetitive sequences varied from 0.6 kbp to 1.2 kbp, and caused the extensive size variation in mtDNA. Several short sequence elements such as putative TAS, OH, CSB-1, and CSB-2 were found in the D-loop region of these frogs. The sequences of these short regulatory elements were conserved in R. catesbeiana, X. laevis, and also in human. The comparison of sequence divergences of the D-loop region and its adjacent genes among various taxa revealed that the rates of nucleotide substitutions depend on genes. The nucleotide sequences of the 3'-side segment of the D-loop region were the most variable among taxa, whereas those of the tRNA and 12S rRNA genes were the most conservative.

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“…In the case of resact, a SAP isolated from A. punctulata egg jelly, cross-linking occurred directly with the sperm mGC . It is still not understood why the SAPs from these two sea urchin species bind to such functionally divergent receptors, although it is worth remembering that S. purpuratus and A. punctulata share a relatively distant (~160 MYA) common ancestor (De Giorgi et al, 1996;Littlewood and Smith, 1995).…”

Section: Sap Receptors and The Membrane-associated Guanylate Cyclasementioning

confidence: 99%

Sperm-activating peptides in the regulation of ion fluxes, signal transduction and motility

Darszon¹,

Guerrero²,

Galindo³

et al. 2008

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

100

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Complete Sequence of the Mitochondrial DNA in the Sea UrchinArbacia lixula:Conserved Features of the Echinoid Mitochondrial Genome

Cited by 57 publications

References 4 publications

Molecular studies suggest that cartilaginous fishes have a terminal position in the piscine tree

Molecular studies suggest that cartilaginous fishes have a terminal position in the piscine tree

Sequence variation and structural conservation in the D-loop region and flanking genes of mitochondrial DNA from Japanese pond frogs.

Sperm-activating peptides in the regulation of ion fluxes, signal transduction and motility

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