Complex microparticles for delivery of low-molecular weight, water-soluble nutrients and pharmaceuticals to marine fish larvae

Fish larval nutrition and feed formulation: knowledge gaps and bottlenecks for advances in larval rearing

“…The idea of these complex particles is to better prevent the leaching of water soluble nutrients. For this purpose, both liposomes and LSB can be used (Ozkizilcik & Chu 1996; Langdon et al. 2007).…”

“…LSB can retain more efficiently vitamins such as riboflavin (close to 90% after 4 h of immersion; (Onal & Langdon 2004). The complex microdiets, usually formed by small lipid‐walled microcapsules incorporated in larger zein‐microbound or microencapsulated particles (Ozkizilcik & Chu 1996; Onal & Langdon 2005; Langdon et al. 2007), have resulted in better retention capacity and in supplying a more complete and accessible diet for the larvae.…”

Natural carbon stable isotope ratios as indicators of the relative contribution of live and inert diets to growth in larval Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

“…Co-feeding strategies have potential economic benefits through the improvement of the nutritional status of the larvae as well as pre-conditioning them for better acceptance of inert weaning feeds at an earlier stage (Cahu and Zambonino-Infante, 1995;Rosenlund et al, 1997). The degree to which live foods for marine fish larvae can be replaced with inert diets has been steadily increasingly as a result of the development of new microdiets and delivery methods (Fletcher et al, 2007;Langdon et al, 2007). In sole larvae, a number of studies have reported the use of different inert diets as partial substitutes for live feed (Cañavate and Fernández-Díaz, 1999;Ribeiro et al, 2002;Chang et al, 2006;Palazzi et al, 2006).…”

Feeding in hatcheries

“…• Impermeable • Controlled release Good barrier with water • Low ingestion (due to low leaching) • Poor digestibility (due to complex chemicals) • High stability in water Jones et al (1993), Hardy and Barrows (2002), Southgate (2003), Langdon et al (2007). • Impermeable • Controlled release Good barrier with water • Low ingestion (due to low leaching) • Poor digestibility (due to complex chemicals) • High stability in water Jones et al (1993), Hardy and Barrows (2002), Southgate (2003), Langdon et al (2007).…”

“…The importance of feeding in hatcheries is reflected by the numerous recent reviews across fundamental and applied aspects of feeds and feeding larval and early juvenile fishes and that concern the following: hatchery technology (Southgate, 2003;Burnell and Allan, 2009;Allan and Burnell, 2013); nutrient requirements (Holt, 2011;NRC, 2011;Hamre et al, 2013); physiology and development (Finn and Kapoor, 2008); live feeds (Conceicao et al, 2010;Telehea and Fontaine, 2011;Maehre et al, 2013); formulated manufactured feeds (Langdon et al, 2007); and experimental approaches (Conceicao et al, 2007). The efficient cost-effective production of the highest quality juveniles for grow-out is clearly essential because this sets the stage for the future harvests.…”