Complex path impedance estimation and matching requirements for body-coupled communication

Kazim, Muhammad Irfan; Kazim, Muhammad; Wikner, J. Jacob

doi:10.1109/ecctd.2015.7300063

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The detailed human body voxel models could be used for the horizontal couplers,to see the extent of variations and simplified assumptions which could be adapted to reduce the computation time. These analysis will contribute significantly towards further confirming the authenticity of the proposed simulation strategy in [26], [103] and [61].…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Variation-aware efficient full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation methodology is described in detail in Paper A of the author [26] with the extension of work in papers B [61] and C [62]. The concept of a full-wave electromagnetic simulation is based on electrical polarization of human body due to propagation of EM waves to explain the phenomenon of signal loss inside the human body.…”

Section: Variation-aware System Design Simulation Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The output driver is simulated for load capacitances 1 pF to 100 pF range as the loading effect due to skin-electrode impedance is not exactly known. It is shown through EM simulations in [61] that if the complex path impedance between the transmitting and receiving node is expressed as a two-port network then input impedance calculated either at the transmitter or receiver side varies with different body positions and distances between them. So the loading effect is a variable quantity.…”

Section: Voltage Mode Drivermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, an alternate simulation strategy has been adapted where the complex path impedance of human body is modeled as a two port network in the form of S-parameters (S 11 , S 12 , S 21 , S 22 ) in a standard 3D EM field solver and simulator. These S-parameters vary as a function of transmitter/receiver locations, their relative distances, body positions and electrode configuration/sizes over a wide range of frequencies as presented in [61]. For this purpose the human body is modeled as both, a uniform or a stratified medium to the closest possible measured values of tangent loss, and for skin and intermediate dielectric tissue layers.…”

Section: Em/circuit Co-simulation To Determine System Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, an alternate approach is to model and estimate the path loss for analyzing the link budget requirements by using the circuit based models [2], [14] or the analytical/empirical models [58] or the numerical methods of CEMs [6], [46], [47], [59], [60].The systematic, efficient, full-wave, EM, simulation methodology proposed in Paper A of the author [26] describes the effect of different physical factors like electrode configuration, body positions, human body dielectric characteristics and environment (influence of dielectric/metallic materials) on propagation loss characteristics of capacitive BCC channel especially for longer communication distances > 50 cm 1 . A comparison of this simulation methodology with a comprehensive analytical model presented in [58] has been carried out in Paper B of the author [61]. The proposed simulation methodology has also been used to estimate the parameters Z 11 , Z 12 , Z 21 and Z 22 of complex path impedance matrix in Paper C of the author [62] as a function of different body positions to estimate the impedance matching requirements for maximum power transfer from transmitter to receiver.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation-Aware System Design Simulation Methodology for Capacitive BCC Transceivers

Kazim

2015

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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Capacitive body coupled communication (BCC), frequency range 500 kHz to 15 MHz 1 , is considered an emerging alternate short range wireless technology which can meet the stringent low power consumption (< 1 mW) 2 and low data rate (< 100 kbps) 3 requirements for the next generation of connected devices for applications like internet-of-things (IoT) and wireless sensor network (WSN). But a reliable solution for this mode of communication covering all possible body positions and maximum communication distances around the human body could not be presented so far, despite its inception around 20 years back in 1995. The uncertainties/errors associated with experimental measurement setup create ambiguity about the measured propagation loss or transmission errors. The reason is the usage of either earth grounded lab instruments or the direct coupling of earth ground with transmitter/receiver or the analog front end cut-off frequency limitations in a few MHz region or the balun to provide isolation or the measurements on simplified homogeneous biological phantoms. Another source of ambiguity in the experimental measurements is attributed to the natural variations in human tissue electrophysiological properties from person to person which are also affected by physical factors like age, gender, number of cells at different body locations and humidity. The analytical models presented in the literature are also oversimplified which do not predict the true propagation loss for capacitive BCC channel.An attempt is being made to understand and demonstrate, qualitatively and quantitatively, the physical phenomenon of signal transmission and propagation characteristics e.g., path loss in complex scenarios for capacitive BCC channel by both the experimental observations/measurements and simulation models in this PhD dissertation. An alternate system design simulation methodology has been proposed which estimates the realistic path loss even for longer communication distances > 50 cm for capacitive BCC channel. The proposed simulation methodology allows to vary human tissue dielectric/thickness properties and easily integrates with the circuit simulators as the output is in the form of S-parameters. The advantage is that the capacitive BCC channel characteristics e.g., signal attenuation as a function of different physical factors could be readily simulated at the circuit level to choose appropriate circuit topology and define suitable system specifications. This simulation methodology is based on full-wave electromagnetic analysis and 3D modeling of human body and environment using their conductivity, permittivity, and tangent loss profile to estimate the realistic propagation loss or path loss due to their combined interaction with the electrode coupler for capacitive BCC channel. This methodology estimates the complex path impedance from transmitter to receiver which is important to determine the matching requirements for maximum power transfer. The simulation methodology also contributes towards better understanding of...

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Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Variation-aware System Design Simulation Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Voltage Mode Drivermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Em/circuit Co-simulation To Determine System Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation-Aware System Design Simulation Methodology for Capacitive BCC Transceivers

Kazim

2015

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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Equivalent Circuit Model Viewed From Receiver Side in Human Body Communication

Nishida

Sasaki

Yamamoto

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst.

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Past Results, Present Trends, and Future Challenges in Intrabody Communication

Naranjo-Hernández

Callejón-Leblic

Vasić

et al. 2018

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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Intrabody communication (IBC) is a wireless communication technology using the human body to develop body area networks (BANs) for remote and ubiquitous monitoring. IBC uses living tissues as a transmission medium, achieving power-saving and miniaturized transceivers, making communications more robust against external interference and attacks on the privacy of transmitted data. Due to these advantages, IBC has been included as a third physical layer in the IEEE 802.15.6 standard for wireless body area networks (WBANs) designated as Human Body Communication (HBC). Further research is needed to compare both methods depending on the characteristics of IBC application. Challenges remain for an optimal deployment of IBC technology, such as the effect of long-term use in the human body, communication optimization through more realistic models, the influence of both anthropometric characteristics and the subject's movement on the transmission performance, standardization of communications, and development of small-size and energy-efficient prototypes with increased data rate. The purpose of this work is to provide an indepth overview of recent advances and future challenges in human body/intrabody communication for wireless communications and mobile computing.

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Complex path impedance estimation and matching requirements for body-coupled communication

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Variation-Aware System Design Simulation Methodology for Capacitive BCC Transceivers

Variation-Aware System Design Simulation Methodology for Capacitive BCC Transceivers

Equivalent Circuit Model Viewed From Receiver Side in Human Body Communication

Past Results, Present Trends, and Future Challenges in Intrabody Communication

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