Components of wind -tunnel analysis using force balance test data

Advances in Tall Building Design under Strong Winds

“…with mass per unit height, m. The modal wind loads can be estimated as follows from the base moment based on High Frequency Force Balance theory (HFFB), which will allow us to simplify the problem based on the assumed linear mode shape (Tschanz, 1982;Boggs and Peterka, 1989;Irwin and Xie, 1993;Ho et al, 2014):…”

“…The same approach has also been developed to consider nonlinear mode shape corrections, modal couplings as well as threedimensional combination of wind loads (Holmes, 1987;Holmes et al, 2003;Chen and Kareem, 2005;Ho et al, 2014). As building heights increase, building responses become more susceptible to motion-induced wind forces represented by aerodynamic stiffness and damping.…”

Database-assisted design and equivalent static wind loads for mid- and high-rise structures: concepts, software, and user�s manual

“…The increasingly common use of pressure scanners has led to the development of procedures for estimating aerodynamic wind loads by using (i) simultaneously measured time series of pressure coefficients at large numbers of pressure taps on wind tunnel building models, and (ii) measured or simulated extreme directional wind speeds at the building site (Boggs and Lepage 2006;Garber et al 2007;Ho et al 2014;Huang and Chen 2007). For the determination of design static wind loads it is typically assumed that the most unfavorable combination of wind loads will occur when the resultant wind loads along one of the principal axes of the building, or the wind-induced torsional moment, attains its peak value.…”

“…For the determination of design static wind loads it is typically assumed that the most unfavorable combination of wind loads will occur when the resultant wind loads along one of the principal axes of the building, or the wind-induced torsional moment, attains its peak value. Considering the combinations of translational and torsional loads, 24 load combinations are typically defined for design purposes (Ho et al 2014). The static wind loads and the randomly fluctuating wind loads based on the entire time series of the measured pressure coefficients are called equivalent if they induce in the structural members' demand-to-capacity indexes (DCIs) with approximately the same values.…”