Composite Calcium Phosphate/Titania Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Titanium and its alloys have been extensively used as implantation materials due to their favorable properties such as lower modulus, good tensile strength, excellent biocompatibility, and enhanced corrosion resistance. However, their intrinsic bioinertness generally prevents a direct bond with the bone on the surface especially at an early stage of implantation. In recent years, bioactive scaffolds for bone regeneration are progressively replacing bioinert prostheses in orthopedic, maxillofacial, and neurosurgery fields. Given the need of enhanced mechanical strength, several combinations of bioactive and reinforcing phases have been studied, but still no convincing solutions have been found so far. In this context, titanium oxides are light and high-resistance bioactive materials widely employed in dental and bone application due to their capacity of forming strong bonds with bone tissue via the formation of a tightly bound apatite layer on their surface. The addition of titania particles to hydroxyapatite has attracted considerable attention based on the assumption that resulting materials can enhance osteoblast adhesion and promote cell growth while also providing high strength and fracture toughness in the final composite material, thus being adequate for load-bearing applications.

Bacterial cellulose–assisted synthesis of glass‐ceramic scaffolds with TiO2 crystalline domains

“…On the other hand, recent studies have emphasized a good interaction between CPs and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), as well as high biocompatibility, which recommend such combinations for bone engineering 16 . Thus, honeycomb‐like TiO 2 ‐modified hydroxyapatite composites were prepared through the extrusion technique followed by sintering and exhibited good photocatalytic and antibacterial activities 17 .…”

“…On the other hand, recent studies have emphasized a good interaction between CPs and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), as well as high biocompatibility, which recommend such combinations for bone engineering. 16 Thus, honeycomb-like TiO 2modified hydroxyapatite composites were prepared through the extrusion technique followed by sintering and exhibited good photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. 17 Kumar et al 18 described the sequential formation of β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 / TiO 2 composites from precursor solutions and revealed that the mechanical properties are dependent on TiO 2 content.…”

Toughening of Bioceramic Composites for Bone Regeneration

“…The toughness and flexibility of bone tissue can be ascribed to the complex biomineralization of collagen fibers with apatitic crystals, associated to the multi-scale hierarchical architecture [168]. The toughness of bioceramics can be improved by including additional biocompatible phases [169,170], crack bridging, or phase transformation, in order to control the crack growth [171][172][173].The dispersion of second phase such as fibers, whiskers, and particles for creating toughness in bioceramics was also reported [174][175][176][177].…”

Effects of sintering and zirconmullite doping on nanostructural vacancies of bovine hydroxyapatite by positron techniques

“…The load bearing capacity of these bioceramics is usually increased with the addition of inert oxides such as zirconia, titania, magnezia, etc. and their use in ortopaedics and dentistry are studied 5‐10 . The mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics alone coated with calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (HA) was also investigated in a more recent research 11 .…”

“…and their use in ortopaedics and dentistry are studied. [5][6][7][8][9][10] The mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics alone coated with calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (HA) was also investigated in a more recent research. 11 The effect of oxide additions on the crystal structure vis-a-vis atom coordinates of HA is not fully understood, and they form regular composite mixtures.…”