Composite Material Recycling Technology—State-of-the-Art and Sustainable Development for the 2020s

Krauklis, Andrey E.; Karl, Christian W.; Gagani, Abedin I.; Jørgensen, Jens Kjær

doi:10.3390/jcs5010028

Cited by 237 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Composite materials are composed of two or more different materials having considerably different physical and/or chemical characteristics that, when merged, produce a material with attributes that differ from the separate elements. Composite materials are extensively utilized in the automobile, construction, transportation, aerospace, and renewable energy applications due to their durability, high strength, great quality, minimal maintenance, and low weight [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RETRACTED: A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development

Abdallah

Juaidi

Savas³

et al. 2021

Energies

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The rising usage of carbon and glass fibers has raised awareness of scrap management options. Every year, tons of composite scrap containing precious carbon and glass fibers accumulate from numerous sectors. It is necessary to recycle them efficiently, without harming the environment. Pyrolysis seems to be a realistic and promising approach, not only for efficient recovery, but also for high-quality fiber production. In this paper, the essential characteristics of the pyrolysis process, their influence on fiber characteristics, and the use of recovered fibers in the creation of a new composite are highlighted. Pyrolysis, like any other recycling process, has several drawbacks, the most problematic of which is the probability of char development on the resultant fiber surface. Due to the char, the mechanical characteristics of the recovered fibers may decrease substantially. Chemically treating and post-heating the fibers both help to reduce char formation, but only to a limited degree. Thus, it was important to identify the material cost reductions that may be achieved using recovered carbon fibers as structural reinforcement, as well as the manufacture of high-value products using recycled carbon fibers on a large scale. Recycled fibers are cheaper than virgin fibers, but they inherently vary from them as well. This has hampered the entry of recycled fiber into the virgin fiber industry. Based on cost and performance, the task of the current study was to modify the material in such a way that virgin fiber was replaced with recycled fiber. In order to successfully modify the recycling process, a regulated optimum temperature and residence duration in post-pyrolysis were advantageous.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2. The first significant group of wind turbines made of composite materials approaching their End-of-Life (EOL) in 2019-2020 and preparing to be dismantled [1]. 3.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development

Abdallah

Juaidi

Savas³

et al. 2021

Energies

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“…The majority of publications are focused on material recycling and recovery: (a) in general [7,48,84], (b) of blade materials [47,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] or (c) of critical raw materials [97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105]. Joining up the start and the end of low-carbon infrastructure supply chains, resource security concerns [102,106,107], design for recycling [108,109] and supply chain security and development [95,103] are covered.…”

Section: Current Circular Economy Literature On Wind Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

Velenturf

2021

Energies

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Circular economy and renewable energy infrastructure such as offshore wind farms are often assumed to be developed in synergy as part of sustainable transitions. Offshore wind is among the preferred technologies for low-carbon energy. Deployment is forecast to accelerate over ten times faster than onshore wind between 2021 and 2025, while the first generation of offshore wind turbines is about to be decommissioned. However, the growing scale of offshore wind brings new sustainability challenges. Many of the challenges are circular economy-related, such as increasing resource exploitation and competition and underdeveloped end-of-use solutions for decommissioned components and materials. However, circular economy is not yet commonly and systematically applied to offshore wind. Circular economy is a whole system approach aiming to make better use of products, components and materials throughout their consecutive lifecycles. The purpose of this study is to enable the integration of a sustainable circular economy into the design, development, operation and end-of-use management of offshore wind infrastructure. This will require a holistic overview of potential circular economy strategies that apply to offshore wind, because focus on no, or a subset of, circular solutions would open the sector to the risk of unintended consequences, such as replacing carbon impacts with water pollution, and short-term private cost savings with long-term bills for taxpayers. This study starts with a systematic review of circular economy and wind literature as a basis for the coproduction of a framework to embed a sustainable circular economy throughout the lifecycle of offshore wind energy infrastructure, resulting in eighteen strategies: design for circular economy, data and information, recertification, dematerialisation, waste prevention, modularisation, maintenance and repair, reuse and repurpose, refurbish and remanufacturing, lifetime extension, repowering, decommissioning, site recovery, disassembly, recycling, energy recovery, landfill and re-mining. An initial baseline review for each strategy is included. The application and transferability of the framework to other energy sectors, such as oil and gas and onshore wind, are discussed. This article concludes with an agenda for research and innovation and actions to take by industry and government.

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“…One approach for emission reduction in the transport sector is the weight reduction of transportation devices. The substitution of classic engineering materials such as steel or aluminum with lightweight fiber-reinforced composites such as continuous fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) is one possible way to achieve this goal [1], although the recyclability of many CFRP materials is currently unsatisfactory and is a subject of ongoing research [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Direction in Ultrasonic Impregnation of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics

et al. 2021

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As a new and innovative processing method for fabrication for fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTs), the feasibility of ultrasonic welding technology was proven in several studies. This method offers potential for the direct manufacturing of CFRT–metal structures via embedded pin structures. Despite the previous studies, a deeper understanding of the process of energy input and whether fibers work as energy directors and consequently can, in combination with chosen processing parameters, influence the consolidation quality of the CFRTs, is still unknown. Consequently, the aim of this work is to establish a deeper process understanding of the ultrasonic direct impregnation of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics with an emphasis on the fiber’s function as energy directors. Based on the generated insights, a better assessment of the feasibility of direct, hybrid part manufacturing is possible. The produced samples were primarily evaluated by optical and mechanical test methods. It is demonstrated that with higher welding time and amplitude, a better consolidation quality can be achieved and that independent of the process parameters chosen in this study, no significant fiber breakage occurs. This is interpreted as a sign of a gentle impregnation process. Furthermore, based on the examination of single roving and 5-layer set-ups, it is shown that the glass fibers function as energy directors and can influence the transformation of sonic energy into thermal energy. In comparison to industrially available CFRT material, the mechanical properties are weaker, but materials and processes offer potential for significant improvement. Based on these findings, proposals for a direct impregnation and joining process are made.

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Composite Material Recycling Technology—State-of-the-Art and Sustainable Development for the 2020s

Cited by 237 publications

References 113 publications

RETRACTED: A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development

RETRACTED: A Critical Review on Recycling Composite Waste Using Pyrolysis for Sustainable Development

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

Energy Direction in Ultrasonic Impregnation of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics

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