Composite scaffold obtained by electro-hydrodynamic technique for infection prevention and treatment in bone repair

Abstract

Bone infection is a devastating condition resulting from implant or orthopaedic surgery. Therapeutic strategies are extremely complicated and may result in serious side effects or disabilities. The development of enhanced 3D scaffolds, able to promote efficient bone regeneration, combined with targeted antibiotic release to prevent bacterial colonization, is a promising tool for the successful repair of bone defects. Herein, polymeric electrospun scaffolds composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibres decorated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particles loaded with rifampicin were fabricated to achieve local and sustained drug release for more efficient prevention and treatment of infection. The release profile showed an initial burst of rifampicin in the first six hours, enabling complete elimination of bacteria. Sustained and long-term release was observed until the end of the experiments (28 days), facilitating a prolonged effect on the inhibition of bacterial growth, which is in agreement with the common knowledge concerning the acidic degradation of the microparticles. In addition, bactericidal effects against gram negative (Escherichia coli) and gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria were demonstrated at concentrations of released rifampicin up to 58 ppm after 24 h, with greater efficacy against S. aureus (13 ppm vs 58 ppm for E. coli). Cell morphology and cytocompatibility studies highlighted the suitability of the fabricated scaffolds to support cell growth, as well as their promising clinical application for bone regeneration combined with prevention or treatment of bacterial infection.

Drug-eluting wound dressings having sustained release of antimicrobial compounds

“…The tensile strength (2.8 ± 0.2 MPa) and strain at break (174.0 ± 12.4%) values obtained for the unloaded mats are in agreement with the previously reported values for PCL fibers decorated with PLGA particles [28]. The incorporation of THY in the MPs slightly changed these values, so the tensile strength measured was 2.7 ± 0.8 MPa whereas the strain at break was 168.4 ± 0.4%.…”

3D Electrospun Synthetic Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Regeneration

“…[123] In another study, rifampicin was incorporated in 3D electrospun scaffolds to successfully prevent bone infection, resulting from implant or orthopedic surgery. [124] Alendronate, a nitrogenous bisphosphonate widely used in the therapy of metabolic bone diseases, was incorporated into electrospun scaffolds and promoted osteogenesis-related gene expression in human fetal osteoblasts. [125] Finally, Xu et al produced electrospun SF/poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) coreÀshell fibers that ES, coming from the 3D fibrous scaffold bending due to the cell forces applied upon attachment, causes the opening of plasma membrane channels (VGCC, SACC), which lead to an increase in calcium ions in the cytoplasm.…”

“…[126] Copyright 2019, Elsevier. Human osteoblasts [124] has been used for coculture of HUVECs and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) through cell accumulation technique, which allowed the formation of capillary-like network structures. [130] Regarding artificial blood vessel architecture, 3D electrospinning is a simple and ideal method to fabricate tubular-shaped biodegradable scaffolds.…”

Status of Plant Protein-Based Green Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine Applications

“…Porous scaffolds are mostly fabricated by: (i) utilizing porogens to control the preferred shape and the pore size in the scaffold; (ii) prototyping; (iii) layer-by-layer cell and woven or non-woven nanoscale fibers through the electrospinning method; and (iv) the most latest, 3D or even four-dimensional (4D) printing [41,42]. Porous scaffolds have been applied for developing tissues, organs, and rigid tissues (for example bone) [43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54].…”

“…Nano-scale fibers are made by methods such as phase separation, self-assembly, drawing, melt blowing, template synthesis, centrifugal spinning, and the more extensively applied electrospinning approaches [55,56]. The nano-scale fibers are sometimes precisely functionalized via a simple blending (or mixing) or coating procedure, or through surface grafting polymerization for embedding ligand molecules and adhesive proteins onto the nanofiber surface [47,48,49,50,52]. Nanofibrous scaffolds are broadly used for rigid and soft tissue engineering applications.…”