Composition analysis of fatty acids and stereo-distribution of triglycerides in human milk from three regions of China

Chen, Y.J.; Zhou, Xin; Han, Bin; Li, S.M.; Xu, Tao; Yi, Huaxi; Liu, P.; Zhang, Lanwei; Li, Y.Y.; Jiang, Shilong; Pan, Jiancun; Ma, Chunli; Wang, B.C.

doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109196

Cited by 33 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…but is evidently higher than that previously observed in Western countries, including Italy, Germany, Finland, and Spain (10,35,36), as well as some Asian countries such as South Korea, Malaysia, and Japan (8,36,37). The LA content (23.9%) and the ratio of LA to ALA (16.3:1) found in this study are both in agreement with data reported in China (34,38), while higher than the values indicated in the other countries mentioned above, as well as the USA (18.9% and 11.9:1, respectively) and Bolivia (10.2% and 5.4:1, respectively) (36,39,40). The phenomenon of higher OPL/OPO ratio can be explained by either an elevated LA content or a lower OA content.…”

Section: CI Confidence Interval; % Te Percentage Of Total Energy a According To The Dietary Reference Intakes Of Macronutrients And Totalsupporting

confidence: 92%

Chinese Breast Milk Fat Composition and Its Associated Dietary Factors: A Pilot Study on Lactating Mothers in Beijing

Balter²,

Vodsky³

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

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Regional differences were found in breast milk composition. This study intended to profile the composition of fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) in Chinese breast milk and to explore its association with maternal diet. Breast milk samples and data of 52 lactating women at 60–90 days postpartum were collected. The FA composition was measured using gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and the TAG profile was detected by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system, coupled with accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A semi-quantitative food intake frequency questionnaire and a one-time 24-h dietary recall were used to evaluate the previous month's and the short-term dietary intake, including dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients. Oleic–palmitic–linoleic (OPL) is the most predominant TAG within the Chinese human milk, followed by oleic–palmitic–oleic (OPO), with an average OPL-to-OPO ratio of 1.35. Linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA) accounted for 23.9 and 32.0% of the total FAs, respectively. Among the food groups consumed during the preceding month, LA content was positively associated with the consumption of soybeans and soybean products (r = 0.311, p = 0.030), whereas a negative correlation was identified with seafood consumption (r = −0.302, p = 0.030). Negative correlations were found between the OA content and the consumption of soybeans and soybean products (r = −0.363, p = 0.009), livestock and poultry meat (r = −0.375, p = 0.006), nuts (r = −0.305, p = 0.028), as well as cooking oil (r = −0.445, p = 0.001). No significant associations were identified between the LA and OA contents and the dietary patterns. This study confirmed a high OPL level in Chinese breast milk and revealed associations of FAs with maternal dietary intake.

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Section: CI Confidence Interval; % Te Percentage Of Total Energy a According To The Dietary Reference Intakes Of Macronutrients And Totalsupporting

confidence: 92%

Chinese Breast Milk Fat Composition and Its Associated Dietary Factors: A Pilot Study on Lactating Mothers in Beijing

Balter²,

Vodsky³

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

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“…Therefore, the distribution and composition of fatty acids in human milk have been universally recognized as the gold standard for designing fatty acids in infant formulas. It is already known that more than 200 fatty acids have been identified in human milk, but these acids were mainly those with an even number of carbons between 4 and 22 [ 1 , 2 ]. Although the composition of major fatty acids (>1%) in commercial formulas were similar to human breast milk, some micro-fatty acids have been well designed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Region and Lactation Stage with Odd-Chain Fatty Acid Profile in Triglycerides of Breast Milk in China

Zhang

Karrar

et al. 2022

Molecules

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Odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs), with potential value for growing infants, have been reported in breast milk. The association of location and lactation stage with the profile and content of OCFAs in breast milk was studied. We analyzed 1487 breast milk samples collected from 12 areas in China, and 102 infant formulas from different brands were purchased from the local supermarket. The content of sn-2 C15:0 significantly decreased from the colostrum to the mature stage, while that of C17:0 was not significantly increased by the lactation stage (p > 0.05). The content of C15:0 and C17:0 significantly decreased dramatically after the colostrum period, while the content of C13:0 was highest in the mature stage. The level of C15:0 and C17:0 in human milk from Gansu and Xinjiang was significantly higher than that from other areas. Similar trends were observed on the level of sn-2 C15:0 and C17:0, whereas the content of sn-2 C11:0 and C13:0 was significantly higher in breast milk from Shandong. Based on the PDS-LA analysis, the difference among infant formulas, each stage of human milk and human milk from different locations were different. Research is needed to determine if there are health benefits associated with OCFAs.

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“…However, they positively affected the fatty acid profile, increasing the main essential fatty acids in HM. Palmitic acid acts to improve fat absorption in infants and decrease calcium excretion (Chen et al, 2020). Polyunsaturated fatty acids have an essential function in an infant's total digestion of fats and are fundamental components of the brain, retina, and other neural tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Homogenization in the Physicochemical Quality of Human Milk and Fat Retention in Gastric Tubes

et al. 2021

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Background: The retention of human milk nutrients in gastric tubes used to feed premature infants is a challenge to be overcome. Research Aims: To evaluate (1) the performance of six homogenizers (mixing processor, piston valve, ultrasonic bath, ultraturrax, stirring mixer, and ultrasound probe) for the fat retention reduction in gastric tubes; (2) the influence of the best homogenization conditions on the fatty acid and protein profiles of human milk; and (3) the cost/benefit ratio for the inclusion of homogenization as a new step in human milk processing. Methods: The influence of different levels and times of homogenization on reducing fat retention of human milk in probes was evaluated in this comparative prospective cross-sectional study. After homogenization, human milk flowed through a gavage and infusion pump apparatus used for feeding. Fat content was quantified before and after feeding. The techniques that reduced fat globule sizes and/or promoted a lower percentage of fat holding were evaluated for efficiency, variations in the fatty acid and protein profiles, and energy density and operating costs. Results: Homogenization led to a reduction in fat retention in feeding probes. The mixer processor and the ultrasound probe reduced fat retention by 99.23% (SD = 0.07) and 99.95% (SD = 0.02), respectively, and did not negatively influence fatty acid and protein profiles. The mixer processor demonstrated low energy density and low cost for human milk processing. Conclusion: Homogenization promoted reduced fat retention in the feed probe and could help maintain fat nutrients of human milk during enteral feeding.

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Composition analysis of fatty acids and stereo-distribution of triglycerides in human milk from three regions of China

Cited by 33 publications

References 32 publications

Chinese Breast Milk Fat Composition and Its Associated Dietary Factors: A Pilot Study on Lactating Mothers in Beijing

Chinese Breast Milk Fat Composition and Its Associated Dietary Factors: A Pilot Study on Lactating Mothers in Beijing

Associations of Region and Lactation Stage with Odd-Chain Fatty Acid Profile in Triglycerides of Breast Milk in China

Influence of Homogenization in the Physicochemical Quality of Human Milk and Fat Retention in Gastric Tubes

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