Composition and corrosion phases of Etruscan Bronzes from Villanovan Age

Festa, G.; Caroppi, Paola; Filabozzi, A.; Arancio, M L; Triolo, R.; Celso, Fabrizio Lo; Benfante, Valerio; Imberti, Silvia

doi:10.1088/0957-0233/19/3/034004

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The estimate of the cuprite's share agrees well, for example, with the mean amount of cuprite found by neutron diffraction in the study of various Etruscan bronzes, namely ~18% (wt) [12]. Quite surprisingly, nantokite has been identified only in one quarter of the studied Etruscan artefacts and its amount has not exceeded 2.5%(wt).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

X‐ray, synchrotron, and neutron diffraction analysis of Roman cavalry parade helmet fragment

Smrčok¹,

Petrík

Langer

et al. 2010

Cryst. Res. Technol.

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A partially corroded fragment of the neck guard of a Roman cavalry helmet excavated in the former military camp of Gerulata, a part of the Limes Romanus on the River Danube, was analysed by laboratory X-ray, synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction. The approximate phase composition determined by the neutron diffraction of the bulk, 82% (wt) of the copper alloy phase, 12 % (wt) of cuprite and 6% of nantokite indicate a significant degree of corrosion of the artefact. Elemental EDX analysis of cleaned surface showed that the chemical composition of the original alloy is 78 to 82 % (wt) of Cu and 21.4 to 16.5 % of Zn with minute amounts of Sn, Si and S. High contents of Cu and Zn with the negligible amount of Sn showed that the body of the helmet was made of brass and not of bronze as expected before. The amount of zinc in the copper alloy calculated from the refined lattice parameter agrees fairly well with the value determined by EDX. The most abundant phase in the synchrotron powder diffraction pattern of the corrosion products scrapped from the artefact is cuprite, but presence of atacamite, malachite, brochantite, nantokite, mixed Cu-Zn hydroxyl carbonates and probably also of simonkolleite (Zn 5 (OH) 8 Cl 2 .H 2 O ) have been detected. In contrast, the X-ray pattern taken directly from the surface of the artefact is dominated by atacamite with some traces of malachite and quartz. Because the penetration depth of laboratory X-rays is in order of tens of microns, the phase analysis based only on a diffraction pattern taken from a surface can lead to erroneous conclusions concerning the phase composition of the patina.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

X‐ray, synchrotron, and neutron diffraction analysis of Roman cavalry parade helmet fragment

Smrčok¹,

Petrík

Langer

et al. 2010

Cryst. Res. Technol.

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“…The highest peaks were assigned to covellite (CuS, Co), compound found on few ancient bronze objects that were found buried in seabed or lake sediments 32 . Nantokite (CuCl, N) is a common corrosion product for environments rich in chlorine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that the formation of the whole composition ranges of copper sulphides, from covellite to chalcocite (Cu 2 S), is favored by high concentration of sulphides and pH values ranging from 5 to 8 as reported in the Pourbaix diagram. Sulphide ions, whose formation can occur in anaerobic condition by the action of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRBs), can react with the oxidised copper 19 , 32 , 43 . During this interesting biological assisted corrosion process, bacteria participate in different steps of corrosion process thorough their enzymatic systems.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and phase composition of bronze Montefortino helmets discovered Mediterranean seabed to explain an unusual corrosion

Armetta

Saladino

Scherillo

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Two Monterfortino helmets, recovered in the Mediterranean seabed, show unusual features with respect to the more common helmets of the same period and found in underwater environments. Hence, they were investigated by a multi-analytical approach, which allowed us to identify the compounds constituting the helmets and to make some considerations about their metallurgy, although all the metal was converted to degradation products. The helmets, originally made in bronze, have maintained their original shape because of copper sulphides formation. The observed differences in composition between the two helmets were attributed to the position modification, of one of them, into the seabed along centuries. For the first time, a microstructural investigation permits to reconstruct the history of the aging processes involved in the total oxidation of roman bronze helmet metal.

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“…This approach is intrinsically destructive and cannot provide information about the residual stresses of the material. In recent years, techniques based upon penetrative probes such as hard X-rays radiations or neutrons gained a prominent position in the study of the metallic material crystal structure [4][5][6]. Respect to the classical approach these techniques offer the main advantage of being non-destructive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Conditions of Formation Experienced by Iron Meteorites as Suggested by Neutron Diffraction Investigation

et al. 2018

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Abstract:In this communication, we report the results of a preliminary neutron diffraction investigation of iron meteorites. These planetary materials are mainly constituted by metallic iron with variable nickel contents, and, owing to their peculiar genesis, are considered to offer the best constrains on the early stages of planetary accretion. Nine different iron meteorites, representative of different chemical and structural groups, thought to have been formed in very different pressure and temperature conditions, were investigated, evidencing variances in crystallites size, texturing, and residual strain. The variability of these parameters and their relationship, were discussed in respect to possible diverse range of petrological conditions, mainly pressure and cooling rate, experienced by these materials during the crystallization stage and/or as consequence of post accretion events.

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Composition and corrosion phases of Etruscan Bronzes from Villanovan Age

Cited by 21 publications

References 5 publications

X‐ray, synchrotron, and neutron diffraction analysis of Roman cavalry parade helmet fragment

X‐ray, synchrotron, and neutron diffraction analysis of Roman cavalry parade helmet fragment

Microstructure and phase composition of bronze Montefortino helmets discovered Mediterranean seabed to explain an unusual corrosion

Different Conditions of Formation Experienced by Iron Meteorites as Suggested by Neutron Diffraction Investigation

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