Composition and dissociation processes analysis in crystal growth of Nd:GGG by the Czochralski method

Asadian, M.; Hajiesmaeilbaigi, F.; Mirzaei, N.; Saeedi, H.; Khodaei, Y.; Enayati, Sh.

doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.01.044

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The molten material crystallizes as it is removed from the heat, near the top of the liquid melt, ideally taking on the same crystallographic orientation as the seed that was used to begin the growth and forming a very large single crystalline domain, as shown in Figure b . This technique has also been used in the growth of laser materials and scintillators . The growth of single crystal silicon via the Czochralski method is one of the most important accomplishments in crystal growth in the modern era and showcases the usefulness of crystal seeding and directional control of the solidification front in the growth process .…”

Section: Key Crystal Growth Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tools and Tricks for Single Crystal Growth

Berry,

Ng,

McQueen

2024

Chem. Mater.

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Single-crystal growth is a widely explored method of synthesizing materials in the solid state. The last few decades have seen significant improvements in the techniques used to synthesize single crystals, and much of this information has been collected and distributed via different papers and textbooks for the novice. What is often missing from these resources are perspectives on how to use these techniques in unusual ways, frequently combining aspects from different fields of chemistry. These variations on known single crystal growth techniques can help effect success in situations where the conventional technique might otherwise fail, as well as providing control over crucial structural defects. This manuscript informs about key aspects of single crystal growth techniques and variations that enable access to new materials and control over defects. We provide examples of materials that have been successfully grown as single crystals with each individual technique and highlight how the target material influences and informs the choice of technique and/or application of variations. Finally, we offer a case study, focusing on the floating zone technique, in which we delve into the growth of large single crystalline materials, as well as how the process can be influenced by modifications to attempt the growth of materials that might not otherwise be suitable for the technique. The presence of all of these sections in a single paper is meant to assist novice crystal growers in comparing, contrasting, and ultimately selecting a suitable technique or techniques for their experiments.

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Section: Key Crystal Growth Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tools and Tricks for Single Crystal Growth

Berry,

Ng,

McQueen

2024

Chem. Mater.

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“…Thus, the 1.3 µm passive Q-switched laser has immense application prospects in Figure 1. [9], SEM image of MoS 2 -SA [10], Photograph of gold nanobipyramids solution and TEM image of the gold nanobipyramids [11], Nd:YVO 4 crystals samples [12], Nd:YAG crystals samples [13], Nd:GGG crystals samples [14], Nd:KGW crystals 182W, respectively. In 2011 Li et al [32] realized passively Q-switched laser operation with a mixed c-cut Nd:Gd 0.33 Lu 0.33 Y 0.33 VO 4 crystal at 1.34 µm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Crystals for 1.3 μm All-Solid-State Passively Q-Switched Laser

Shen

et al. 2022

Crystals

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In recent years, optical crystals for 1.3 μm all-solid-state passively Q-switched lasers have been widely studied due to their eye-safe band, atmospheric transmission characteristics, compactness, and low cost. They are widely used in the fields of high-precision laser radar, biomedical applications, and fine processing. In this review, we focus on three types of optical crystals used as the 1.3 μm laser gain media: neodymium-doped vanadate (Nd:YVO4, Nd:GdVO4, Nd:LuVO4, neodymium-doped aluminum-containing garnet (Nd:YAG, Nd:LuAG), and neodymium-doped gallium-containing garnet (Nd:GGG, Nd:GAGG, Nd:LGGG). In addition, other crystals such as Nd:KGW, Nd:YAP, Nd:YLF, and Nd:LLF are also discussed. First, we introduce the properties of the abovementioned 1.3 μm laser crystals. Then, the recent advances in domestic and foreign research on these optical crystals are summarized. Finally, the future challenges and development trend of 1.3 μm laser crystals are proposed. We believe this review will provide a comprehensive understanding of the optical crystals for 1.3 μm all-solid-state passively Q-switched lasers.

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“…The relationship between the Reynolds number and the crystal diameter during crystal growth was analyzed, which shows that for a given crucible size under the same crystal growth conditions, the critical Reynolds number remains the same for any size of crystals. 11 The defects of the facet and core of Nd:GGG crystals, which can also be eliminated, were studied with a laser, a stress meter and a polarization microscope. 12 Many important practical observations were summarized in the description of the crystal growth of GGG, [13][14][15] however, it is still a huge challenge to grow bulk GGG single crystals with a low defect density.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying the chemical bonding theory of single crystal growth to a Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂Czochralski growth system: both thermodynamic and kinetic controls of the mesoscale process during single crystal growth

2015

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The chemical bonding theory of single crystal growth was applied to a Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 (GGG) Czochralski growth system. On the basis of anisotropic chemical bonding characteristics, the mesoscale process controlled by both thermodynamics and kinetics has been studied in GGG single crystal growth. Starting from the unit-scale in the growth system, the mesoscale structures undergo evolution from GdO 8 , GaO 6 , and GaO 4 to Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 clusters and to a GGG single crystal via chemical bonding between Gd, Ga, and O. On the basis of the chemical bonding theory of single crystals, the GGG single crystal thermodynamically prefers to exhibit a hexagonal configuration along the [111] pulling direction. Kinetically, isotropic mass transfer in the Czochralski growth process leads to formation of a GGG single crystal with a circular configuration, as viewed down along the [111] direction. In such a case, the GGG single crystal maintains the lowest energy. In order to satisfy both thermodynamic and kinetic controls, the thermodynamically preferred {−110} microfacets are exposed on the microscale and the single crystal adopts a circular shape on the macroscale. The present work deepens our understanding of the mesoscale process in the GGG Czochralski growth system.

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Composition and dissociation processes analysis in crystal growth of Nd:GGG by the Czochralski method

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Tools and Tricks for Single Crystal Growth

Tools and Tricks for Single Crystal Growth

Optical Crystals for 1.3 μm All-Solid-State Passively Q-Switched Laser

Applying the chemical bonding theory of single crystal growth to a Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂Czochralski growth system: both thermodynamic and kinetic controls of the mesoscale process during single crystal growth

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Composition and dissociation processes analysis in crystal growth of Nd:GGG by the Czochralski method

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Tools and Tricks for Single Crystal Growth

Tools and Tricks for Single Crystal Growth

Optical Crystals for 1.3 μm All-Solid-State Passively Q-Switched Laser

Applying the chemical bonding theory of single crystal growth to a Gd3Ga5O12Czochralski growth system: both thermodynamic and kinetic controls of the mesoscale process during single crystal growth

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Applying the chemical bonding theory of single crystal growth to a Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂Czochralski growth system: both thermodynamic and kinetic controls of the mesoscale process during single crystal growth