Composition and sources of carbonaceous aerosols in Northern Europe during winter

Arabitol, mannitol, and glucose as tracers of primary biogenic organic aerosol: the influence of environmental factors on ambient air concentrations and spatial distribution over France

“…They were then analyzed for various chemical species using subsampled fractions of the collection filters and a large array of analytical methods. Details of all the chemical analysis procedures are reported elsewhere (Golly et al, 2018;Samaké et al, 2019;Waked et al, 2014;Weber et al, 2018). Briefly, primary sugar compounds were extracted from filter aliquots (punches typically about 10 cm 2 ) into ultrapure water.…”

“…Indeed, atmospheric organic aerosols (OAs) contain specific chemical species that can be used as reliable biomarkers in tracing the sources and abundance of PBOA (Bauer et al, 2008;Gosselin et al, 2016;Holden et al, 2011;Jia et al, 2010;Li et al, 2018;Medeiros et al, 2006b;Wang et al, 2018). For instance, among sugar alcohols, arabitol and mannitol (two common storage soluble carbohydrates in fungi) have been recognized as tracers for airborne fungi, and their concentrations are widely used to estimate PBOA contributions to OA mass Bauer et al, 2008;Buiarelli et al, 2013;Golly et al, 2018;Medeiros et al, 2006b;Samaké et al, 2019;Srivastava et al, 2018;Verma et al, 2018;Weber et al, 2018Weber et al, , 2019. Similarly, glucose has also been used as a tracer for plant materials (such as pollen, leaves, and their fragments) or soil emissions within various studies around the world (Chen et al, 2013;Medeiros et al, 2006b;Pietrogrande et al, 2014;Rathnayake et al, 2017;Rogge et al, 2007;Wan et al, 2019;Xiao et al, 2018;Zhu et al, 2015).…”

“…In this context, atmospheric concentrations of specific sugar alcohols and/or primary monosaccharides (including glucose) have been previously quantified at sites in several continental, agricultural, coastal, or polar regions (Barbaro et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2013;Glasius et al, 2018;Li et al, 2018;Pietrogrande et al, 2014;Verma et al, 2018;Wan et al, 2019;Yan et al, 2019;Yttri et al, 2007). However, large datasets investigating their (multi)annual cycles and seasonal and simultaneous short-term variations at multiple spatialscale resolutions (i.e., from local to continental) are still lacking (Liang et al, 2013;Nirmalkar et al, 2018;Pietrogrande et al, 2014;Yan et al, 2019).…”

“…It is commonly acknowledged that SCs (particularly arabitol and mannitol) originate from primary biogenically derived sources such as bacterial, fungal spores, and plant materials Golly et al, 2018;Gosselin et al, 2016;Holden et al, 2011;Kang et al, 2018;Medeiros et al, 2006b;Wan et al, 2019;Yan et al, 2019;Yttri et al, 2007;Zhu et al, 2018a). Some studies have characterized the composition of SC in topsoil samples (for fractions larger than PM 10 ) from both natural (i.e., uncultivated) and agri-cultural regions (Medeiros et al, 2006a;Rogge et al, 2007;Simoneit et al, 2004;Wan and Yu, 2007).…”

“…Cellulose, a linear polymer composed of D-glucopyranose units linked by β-1,4 bonds, is the most frequent polysaccharide occurring in terrestrial environments (Ramoni and Seiboth, 2016). Plant materials contain cellulose, which has been reported as a suitable proxy to evaluate the vegetative debris contribution to OM mass (Bozzetti et al, 2016;Daellenbach et al, 2017;Glasius et al, 2018;Hiranuma et al, 2019;Puxbaum and Tenze-Kunit, 2003;Sánchez-Ochoa et al, 2007;Yttri et al, 2011b). The ambient PM 10 cellulose has been shown to be abundant in the European semirural or background environments (accounting for 2 % to 10 % of OM mass) (Glasius et al, 2018;Sánchez-Ochoa et al, 2007) and Nordic rural environments in Norway (contributing to 12 % to 18 % of total carbon mass) (Yttri et al, 2011b).…”