Composition and structure elucidation of human milk glycosaminoglycans

Coppa, Giovanni V.; Gabrielli, Orazio; Buzzega, Dania; Zampini, Lucia; Galeazzi, Tiziana; Maccari, Francesca; Bertino, Enrico; Volpi, Nicola

doi:10.1093/glycob/cwq164

Cited by 56 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Purified free GAGs were obtained and isolated as previously described in details (10). Briefly, single aliquots of human milk were defatted with acetone, and after centrifugation and drying at 60 °C, pellet was solubilized in adequate buffer and treated with a proteolytic enzyme.…”

Section: Gags Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The composition of purified GAGs was assessed by agarose-gel electrophoresis (30) and disaccharide determination after specific enzymatic treatment (10). The purity of the complex GAGs was greater than 85% as evaluated by uronic acid assay (29) with the remaining formed of salt and a very low content (<1%) of proteins/ peptides.…”

Section: Gags Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence, it emerges that human milk GAGs could play a role as soluble receptors and would therefore have the power to inhibit the binding of different pathogens to the intestinal mucosa, thus protecting the infant from infections. Furthermore, human milk hyaluronan was recently demonstrated to stimulate protective antimicrobial defense in the newborn (8).After the pioneering studies of Newburg et al (9), a complete quantitative and qualitative evaluation of GAGs has recently been reported both in term and preterm human milk (10,11). From the quantitative point of view, the highest concentration of GAGs was found in colostrum (9.3 and 3.8 g/l in preterm and term milk, respectively), followed by a progressive decrease to 4.3 and 0.4 g/l at the end of the first month of lactation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the pioneering studies of Newburg et al (9), a complete quantitative and qualitative evaluation of GAGs has recently been reported both in term and preterm human milk (10,11). From the quantitative point of view, the highest concentration of GAGs was found in colostrum (9.3 and 3.8 g/l in preterm and term milk, respectively), followed by a progressive decrease to 4.3 and 0.4 g/l at the end of the first month of lactation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Human milk glycosaminoglycans inhibit in vitro the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Salmonella fyris to human intestinal cells

et al. 2015

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Background: Breast-fed infants have a lower incidence of acute gastroenteritis due to the presence of several anti-infective factors in human milk. The aim of this work is to study the capacity of human milk glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to inhibit the adhesion of some common pathogenic bacteria. Methods: GAGs were isolated from a pool of milk samples collected from different mothers during the first month of lactation. Experiments were carried out to study the ability of GAGs to inhibit the adhesion of two intestinal micro-organisms (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotype 0119 and Salmonella fyris) to Caco-2 and Int-407 cell lines. results: The study showed that the GAGs had an anti-adhesive effect on the two pathogenic strains studied with different degrees of inhibition. In particular, in the presence of human milk GAGs, the adhesion of S. fyris to Caco-2 cells and to Int-407 cells of both tested strains was significantly reduced. conclusion: Our results demonstrated that GAGs in human milk can be one of the important defensive factors against acute diarrheal infections in breast-fed infants.i n infancy, a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, and parasites are responsible for gastrointestinal infections. There is strong evidence to support the correlation between breastfeeding and a lower incidence of diarrhea. In fact, several anti-infective substances (secretory antibodies, lactoferrin, oligosaccharides, etc.) are present in human milk (1,2). Oligosaccharides, in particular, play several important protective, physiological, and biological roles including growth stimulation for beneficial gut microbiota and inhibition of pathogen adhesion and immunoregulation (3,4).Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are highly sulfated, complex, linear natural polysaccharides constituted by repeating disaccharidic units. They are generally grouped into four classes: hyaluronan, keratan sulfate, sulfated galactosaminoglycans represented by chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate bearing d-galactosamine, and sulfated glucosaminoglycans with heparan sulfate and heparin having d-glucosamine. Each specific disaccharidic unit is formed of a hexosamine (galactosamine or glucosamine) residue alternated with a hexuronic acid (glucuronic or iduronic acid) with the exception of keratan sulfate containing galactose. Sulfate groups are esterified on various positions of carbohydrate backbones producing structures possessing high heterogeneous sequences and charge density (5).Contrary to oligosaccharides, GAGs are able to specifically (and aspecifically) interact with other biological components due to the presence of a great number of sulfate and carboxyl groups capable to generate highly specific sequences producing strong anionic interactions (5-7). As a consequence, it emerges that human milk GAGs could play a role as soluble receptors and would therefore have the power to inhibit the binding of different pathogens to the intestinal mucosa, thus protecting the infant from infections. Furthermore, human milk hyaluronan was recently demonstrated ...

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Section: Gags Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gags Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human milk glycosaminoglycans inhibit in vitro the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Salmonella fyris to human intestinal cells

et al. 2015

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“…It has been established that these components can serve as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, just like soluble receptors which can interact with pathogens and compete for adhesion thereof to intestinal wall. High concentration of glycosaminoglycans observed in breast milk after premature labor can be beneficial for premature infants along with oligosaccharides in providing protective processes against a range of causative agents and free radicals [11,12].…”

Section: Biological Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventive Aspects of Breast Milk Feeding in Premature Infants

Беляева¹,

Турти²,

Митиш³

et al. 2014

Pediatr. farmakol.

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This article is dedicated to the issue of infant feeding. It is universally recognized that the best product for neonatal and infant feeding is breast milk. On the basis of the worldwide literature data, the authors give a detailed account of breast milk advantages from various (biological, clinical and psychological) The benefits of breast feeding are widely known. Since the last decades breast milk has been considered the indispensable product or the gold standard in neonatal breast feeding. Breast feeding of healthy infants is recommended up to 4-6 months; after introducing supplemental feeding breast feeding can still be relative even at an older age (after the first year of infants' lives) [1,2]. More and more facts are proving benefits of breast milk for breast feeding sick and premature infants both at resuscitation and intensive care units for neonates and in further nursing [3−5]. BIOLOGICAL ASPECTSBreast milk is the optimal product for enteric feeding of premature infants. It can be viewed as biological dynamic system specific for Homo sapiens. Breast milk which contains a large complex of protective factors, hormones, enzymes, cytokines, growth promoting substances, antioxidant complex, essential nutrient materials, and is not only a nutritious substrate but also has preventive and medical properties. Special attention is paid to certain biological active and immunomodulatory factors of breast milk which can not only provide infants' adequate protection from infection, but also actively simulate the immune response and modify intestinal microbiota [6,7]. A very important role among the abovementioned factors belongs to oligosaccharides. Initially they were described as prebiotic bifidus factor which serves as a metabolic substrate for indigenous bacteria and forms the composition of the intestinal microbiota; currently it is known that oligosaccharides are more than just food for microbes. Recent studies have shown that oligosaccharides can directly prevent pathogen adhesion to intestinal tract's mucosa; they are also able to minimize the risks of infection and simulate epithelial and immune response of the cells [8]. The recent study also informs on higher concentration of oligosaccharides in breast milk after premature labor 1

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NMR characterization of uniformly ¹³C‐ and/or ¹⁵N‐labeled, unsulfated chondroitins with high molecular weights

Ichikawa,

Otsuka,

Minamisawa

et al. 2024

Magnetic Reson in Chemistry

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Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of polysaccharides can provide valuable information not only on their primary structures but also on their conformation, dynamics, and interactions under physiological conditions. One of the main problems is that non‐anomeric 1H signals typically overlap, and this often hinders detailed NMR analysis. Isotope enrichment, such as with 13C and 15N, will add a new dimension to the NMR spectra of polysaccharides, and spectral analysis can be performed with enhanced sensitivity using isolated peaks. For this purpose, here we have prepared uniformly 13C‐ and/or 15N‐labeled chondroitin polysaccharides –4)‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl‐(1–3)‐2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(1– with molecular weights in the range from 310 to 460 k by bacterial fermentation. The enrichment ratios for 13C and 15N were 98.9 and 99.8%, respectively, based on the mass spectrometric analysis of the constituent chondroitin disaccharides. 1H and 13C NMR signals were assigned mainly based on HSQC and 13C‐detection experiments including INADEQUATE, HETCOR, and HETCOR‐TOCSY. The carbonyl carbon signal of the N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐galactosamine residue was unambiguously distinguished from the C6 carbon of the β‐D‐glucuronic acid residue by the observation of 13C peak splitting due to 1JCN coupling in 13C‐ and 15N‐labeled chondroitin. The T2* and T1 were measured and indicate that both rigid and mobile sites are present in the long sequence of chondroitin. The conformation, dynamics, and interactions of chondroitin and its derivatives will be further analyzed based on the results obtained in this study.

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Composition and structure elucidation of human milk glycosaminoglycans

Cited by 56 publications

References 26 publications

Human milk glycosaminoglycans inhibit in vitro the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Salmonella fyris to human intestinal cells

Human milk glycosaminoglycans inhibit in vitro the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Salmonella fyris to human intestinal cells

Preventive Aspects of Breast Milk Feeding in Premature Infants

NMR characterization of uniformly ¹³C‐ and/or ¹⁵N‐labeled, unsulfated chondroitins with high molecular weights

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Composition and structure elucidation of human milk glycosaminoglycans

Cited by 56 publications

References 26 publications

Human milk glycosaminoglycans inhibit in vitro the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Salmonella fyris to human intestinal cells

Human milk glycosaminoglycans inhibit in vitro the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Salmonella fyris to human intestinal cells

Preventive Aspects of Breast Milk Feeding in Premature Infants

NMR characterization of uniformly 13C‐ and/or 15N‐labeled, unsulfated chondroitins with high molecular weights

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NMR characterization of uniformly ¹³C‐ and/or ¹⁵N‐labeled, unsulfated chondroitins with high molecular weights