“…Coarse-scale, episodic disturbances of riparian forests, such as harvesting (Chen et al, 2005), large floods (Acker et al, 2003), fire (Hedman et al, 1996), ice storms (Kraft et al, 2002) and insect outbreaks, are the major contributors of LWD into streams. Following stand-replacing disturbances, the contribution of LWD will vary with stand development processes.…”