Composition of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from international cigarettes and determination of ETS-RSP: Particulate marker ratios

Nelson, Paul R.; Conrad, Fred W.; Kelly, Susan P.; Maiolo, Katherine C.; Richardson, Joel D.; Ogden, Michael W.

doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(96)00076-1

Cited by 39 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…21,25,[27][28][29] In this experiment, solanesol made up 3.15% (3.00-3.32%) of the ETS-RSP mass from the commercial cigarettes, which is in good agreement with published values. For the TOB-HT1 cigarette, solanesol made up 1.2% of the particulate mass.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

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Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different Cigarettes

Nelson

Kelly

Conrad

1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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A method was developed to reproducibly measure environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) components generated by different cigarettes. Measurements were carried out in an unventilated, controlled environment chamber. True ETS (the aged and diluted combination of exhaled mainstream plus sidestream smoke) was generated by human smokers. To reliably quantitate components normally present at trace levels, the comparisons were carried out at elevated ETS concentrations-greater than 40 times those typically encountered in "real-world" settings.The method was applied to four commercially available cigarettes and a cigarette prototype that primarily heats tobacco. Forty-three properties and components of the gas and particulate phases of ETS generated by the different cigarettes were measured. Good precision of measurement was obtained both within and between tests. Statistically significant differences in the concentration of ETS components were observed among the different commercial cigarettes and between the commercial and prototype cigarettes. Most ETS components from the prototype cigarette were reduced by >90% when compared to the commercial cigarettes. The method was used to determine the effect of cigarette design changes on the generation of ETS. INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been defined as the aged and diluted mixture of sidestream smoke (the smoke from the lit end of a cigarette) and exhaled mainstream smoke (the smoke a smoker exhales).1 A wide range of testing methods have been used to characterize the composition of ETS.2-6 Typically, investigators target a limited number of specific components in the ETS from one or a few cigarettes. It is unusual to find reports that offer a relatively complete picture of ETS composition for one or more cigarettes. Often, rather than sampling a range of different cigarette brands and styles (e.g., soft pack or box, king size or 100s, full flavor or lights), it has been assumed that the ETS generated by different cigarettes within a brand family is qualitatively and quantitatively the same. 7,8 Alternatively, the results of non-standardized comparisons of mainstream and sidestream smoke composition have been used to predict ETS composition-a problematic process.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…As with the solanesol concentrations determined in the first experiment, this value shows excellent agreement with the literature values. 21,25,[27][28][29] The small change in solanesol concentrations between the two experiments may be associated with blend changes, smoker variability, and normal variation in the analytical methodology.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different Cigarettes

Nelson

Kelly

Conrad

1998

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…The extract was injected into an HPLC equipped with a UV detector and a fluorescence detector in series, and connected directly to an autosampler by short tubing. The readings were expressed as equivalent concentrations of surrogate standards (2,2 0 ,4,4 0 -tetrahydroxybenzophenone for UV and scopoletin for fluorescence), and converted to UVPM and FPM concentrations using conversion factors (Conner et al, 1990;Nelson et al,1997Nelson et al, , 1998ASTM, D 5955-96, 1996). The air concentration of solanesol was determined by HPLC analysis of the same extract .…”

Section: Analytical Determinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An international survey of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study

Bohanon

Piadé

Schorp

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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During a pilot study of indoor air quality in restaurants, a survey was performed in 34 medium-priced restaurants in six countries in Asia, Europe, and North America using a uniform protocol. The concentration of selected constituents of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) present in occupied areas was determined during lunch and dinner periods by measuring the levels of four particulate-phase markers and two gas-phase markers. The particulatephase markers determined were respirable suspended particles, ultraviolet particulate matter, fluorescing particulate matter, and solanesol particulate matter. The gas-phase markers were nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP). Correlation between the markers was investigated to explore an improved monitoring approach. It was concluded that at least one marker in each phase was necessary to describe adequately the ETS load. An assessment was made of the ventilation system in each restaurant, and effective ventilation rates were determined based on CO 2 measurements. Smoking activity was also monitored. These data were used to model nicotine and 3-EP concentrations that resulted in a satisfactory prediction of their levels, especially at the higher concentrations. A total number of 1370 questionnaires were returned by the restaurant patrons in five countries. In some countries, dissatisfaction rates above 20% were observed for draft, freshness of air, and noise. The dissatisfaction rates related to tobacco smoke were less than 20%, which is lower than would be predicted based on measured ETS levels. Based on the results of this international pilot study, recommendations are given for future studies of this type.

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“…Nelson et al [11,12] in two papers determined ETS-RSP factors for cigarettes from a wider range of countries. The first paper determined ETS-RSP factors for eleven countries, which included the USA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ETS-RSP was extracted in methanol and analysed using the methods described previously by Ogden et al [15], which were based on the same principles of analysis described by Ogden et al [8] and Ogden and Maiolo [9]. The ETS-RSP factors derived by Nelson et al [11,12] for UK and USA cigarettes are presented in tables 5 and 6, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ETS-RSP Particulate Marker Factors: Variation in Published Factors and Application to ETS Data from Two Types of Indoor Environments

Carrington

Gee

Watson

et al. 2001

Indoor Built Environ

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Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an indoor air pollutant that causes adverse health effects for exposed non-smokers. To measure the ETS concentration particulate tobacco smoke components are identified and are referred to as ETS markers named ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescent particulate matter and solanesol particulate matter. To determine the contribution of ETS to indoor air pollution empirically derived ETS marker factors are applied. The factors represent a ratio of ETS marker to total respirable suspended particles (RSP) collected under controlled experimental conditions. The published ETS marker factors for UK cigarettes varied and when applied to smoking and non-smoking household and public house data produced significantly different data sets (p < 0.05). Non-tobacco sources for UVPM compounds contributed to and overestimated the ETS-UVPM concentration with respect to RSP. This occurred when the published UVPM factors were applied and the predominant source of UVPM was not tobacco. The ETS factors produced acceptable results with respect to total RSP collected when tobacco was the predominant source of RSP, as seen by data collected in public houses.

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Composition of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from international cigarettes and determination of ETS-RSP: Particulate marker ratios

Cited by 39 publications

References 14 publications

Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different Cigarettes

Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Generated by Different Cigarettes

An international survey of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study

ETS-RSP Particulate Marker Factors: Variation in Published Factors and Application to ETS Data from Two Types of Indoor Environments

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