Composition of phenolic compounds in wild apple with multiple resistance mechanisms against postharvest blue mold decay

Abstract

Several wild apple accessions (Malus sieversii) from Kazakhstan and two (Malus × soulardii, Malus sylvestris) from other parts of the world are highly resistant to blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum. Previous studies on the wound responses of these apples to infection by this fungus suggest multiple mechanisms of resistance including innate immunity. In this study, the phenolic composition of extracts from mature wild apples resistant (GMAL 4317.f, PI 589391, and PI 369855) and susceptible (GMAL 3623.i) to blue mold, as well as the susceptible cultivar "Golden Delicious" (Malus × domestica) were investigated using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and high resolution multiple stage mass spectrometry (UHPLC/DAD/HRMS). The metabolomic and quantitative results of this study support the hypothesis of the possible relationship between the phenolic content of wild apples and their resistance to P. expansum. Apple accessions resistant to P. expansum had higher concentrations of procyanidins, dihydrochalocone, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acids. Findings from this study may lead to development of the physiological markers of resistance that could be used by breeders in evaluating crosses for resistance to blue mold and may be helpful to further define apple defense mechanism(s) against P. expansum.

Occurrence of mycotoxin patulin and polyphenol profile of Nordic apple juices in relation to apple cultivation system and pre-processing storage temperature

“…As reviewed by Kalinowska et al (2014), the concentration of individual phenolic compounds in apples depends on the cultivar, maturity of the fruit, cultivation conditions, harvest, storage and infections. Phenolic compounds have an important role as defence mechanisms against pathogens and patulin (Cushnie and Lamb 2005, Ferreyra et al 2012, Sun et al 2017, Zhong et al 2018. However, which particular pathogens induce the formation of phenolic compounds, is usually not specified.…”

Quality of ‘Isabel’ grape treated pre-harvest with CaCl2 and citrus biomass-based elicitor

“…Silva et al (2012), using postharvest CaCl 2 , also reported a decrease in 'Isabel' grape decay with 1,0 and 2,0% doses, especially when stored under modified atmosphere, however, this reduction was well below the one reported in this work, when CaCl 2 was applied pre-harvest. Tecchio et al (2009) also attributed the reduction of the rate of decay to the use of CaCl 2 . The use of Agro-Mos ® associated with K + phosphite and/or fungicides decreased the incidence of anthracnose and mildew during the development of the clusters (PINTO et al, 2012).…”

“…The use of Agro-Mos ® associated with K + phosphite and/or fungicides decreased the incidence of anthracnose and mildew during the development of the clusters (PINTO et al, 2012). Gomes et al (2011) reported that the use of citrus biomass alone resulted in control above 70%, indicating the action of citrus bioflavonoids and phytoalexins (base of product composition) on the activation of systemic defense responses (SUN et al, 2017), as herein for 'Isabel'' grapes. The use of CaCl 2 in guava postharvest reduced the incidence of anthracnose, but showed little influence on fruit firmness and pH.…”

“…The application of calcium chloride, either during the development of cluster of grapes or in postharvest, in order to increase the postharvest life, has conferred greater resistance to handling, reducing the loss of mass, decay and berries abscission (TECCHIO et al, 2009;SILVA et al, 2012), the incidence of disease (DANNER et al, 2009;DEVI;KUMARI, 2015) and promoting a decrease in the activity of polyphenoloxidase and the consequent browning of the raquis during storage (DANNER et al, 2009). …”

“…In apples, metabolomic studies indicate a relationship between resistance to decease and phenolic profiles (SUN et al, 2017). Thus, among the elicitors, the composition based on citrus biomass, ascorbic acid and citrus phytoalexins stands out, which induce systemic resistance acquired in plants (RSA) (GOMES et al, 2011).…”