Composition of water-insoluble extract from oil palm trunk liquefaction using polyhydric alcohol

Abstract

Polyhydric alcohols are known as excellent solvents for converting the main components of lignocellulose into liquefied products. However, the substances that precipitate in water include not only lignin, but also humins, especially when the lignocellulosic raw material has a high content of carbohydrates. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the composition of water-insoluble solids from the liquefaction of oil palm trunk using the solvent polyethylene glycol (PEG)/glycerol (4:1, w/w) and by using sulfuric acid as the catalyst. The results showed that the water-insoluble components had a relatively higher average molecular weight and polydispersity than those of the water-soluble components and liquefied products. The production of sugar monomers during liquefaction led to the condensation of furan products (hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural) to form humins. In this case, the humins were incorporated with the lignin and liquefying reagent.

Glycerol-based liquefied palm kernel shell product and its blend with citric acid as bio-based wood adhesive

“…Meanwhile, the decomposed sugars from carbohydrate components were intermediately converted to furan products such as furfural or 5-HMF. Some furan products can cross-link with lignin and its derivatives as well as the glycerol reagent, to form higher molecular weight substrates that precipitated after diluting in water (Choowang et al 2019). The results from this study demonstrate that the water insoluble part of glycerol base liquefied PKS was 33%, based on the oven-dry weight of PKS raw material.…”

“…The method to separate what is soluble and what is insoluble in water followed the description in Choowang et al (2019). The crude glycerol-based liquefied PKS product was added with 10-fold amount of distilled water and stirred for 1 h. After that it was left at room temperature for one night before it was filtered through grade 1 filter paper (Whatman, UK).…”

“…The main components of glycerol-based liquefied PKS were glycerol derivatives with degraded and transformed products from PKS, such as furfural, 5-HMF, and lignin. Some of those components were condensed together to form the high molecular weight substage compounds (Choowang et al 2019). They crosslinked with the free hydroxy groups of rubberwood polymers to fix the board during the hot pressing.…”

Oxaliplatin-loaded nanoemulsion containingTeucrium poliumL. essential oil induces apoptosis in Colon cancer cell lines through ROS-mediated pathway

“…In the FTIR spectra, absorption of Oxa-NS occurred at 3443 and 1635 cm −1 , which were due to the v (OH) (Moghaddasi et al., 2018 ; Yilmaz et al., 2019 ) and C = O stretching vibrations (Yang et al., 2018 ; Yasmeen et al., 2016 ). Regarding Oxa + TPO-NANO spectrum, FTIR absorption bands were seen at 3442, 2929, 2076, 1643, 1468, 1352, 1299, 1253, 1099 and 1042 cm −1 , due to OH stretching vibration (Moghaddasi et al., 2018 ; Yilmaz et al., 2019 ), asymmetric CH 2 stretching vibration (Yilmaz et al., 2019 ; Ravindran et al., 2013 ), C = O stretching vibration (Yang et al., 2018 ; Yasmeen et al., 2016 ), C-H binding vibration in the range of 1468 to 1352 cm −1 (Panwar et al., 2015 ; Farber et al., 2019 ; Choowang et al., 2018 ), and C-O stretching vibration in the range of 1299 and 1042 (Yang et al., 2018 ; Choowang et al., 2018 ; Vahur et al., 2011 ; Ibrahim et al., 2011 ). The spectrum showed most of the peaks from TPO-NANO.…”

Gemcitabine-Loaded Nanocarrier of Essential Oil from Pulicaria crispa: Preparation, Optimization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Anticancer Activity

“…Therefore, these increases proved that GEM was successfully loaded onto PC-NE. The other peaks common in PC-NE and PC-NE:GEM observed at 2929, 1460–1353, 1300–1253, and 1099 cm −1 were weak, and may include spectral attributes from CH 2 asymmetric stretching [ 33 , 36 ] and stretching vibrations from C-H [ 37 , 38 , 39 ], C-O [ 35 , 38 , 40 ], and C-O-C [ 35 , 38 , 41 ].…”