Compositional and structural changes at the anodic surface of thermally poled soda-lime float glass

Ziemath, Ervino C.; Araújo, V. D.; Escanhoela, C. A.

doi:10.1063/1.2975996

Cited by 53 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…They deduced a reduction in index of 0.023 for a soda-lime glass. The index of a poled sodalime glass has also been measured using a standard Abbe refractometer [21]. These results indicated a RI between 1.51 and 1.46 but with large error bars due to difficulties in distinguishing the light-dark transition necessary for measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Measurement of the refractive index of electrically poled soda-lime glass layers using leaky modes

Oven¹

2016

Appl. Opt.

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Oven, Robert (2016) Measurement of the refractive index of electrically poled soda-lime glass layers using leaky modes. Applied Optics, 55 (32 Electrically poled layers have been formed in soda-lime glass using graphite electrodes in air. The refractive index and thickness of the poled glass layers have been measured by the analysis of leaky optical modes. These modes are supported by the poled layer and can be determined by analysis of the optical reflectivity measured with a prism coupler arrangement. A relatively constant refractive index ~ 1.486 in the poled glass region is measured, which is ~0.03 below the substrate index. The reflectivity data shows that the transition between poled and un-poled glass is very sharp and is consistent with ion transport models. The thickness of the poled glass region is consistent with the removal of Na + and K + ions from the poled region. The index and depth data is confirmed by interferometric measurements. The tensile stress in the poled glass layer is also estimated from optical birefringence measurements and is estimated to be ~0.3 GN/m 2 .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Measurement of the refractive index of electrically poled soda-lime glass layers using leaky modes

Oven¹

2016

Appl. Opt.

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“…3,[15][16][17] The extent of electro-thermal poling has been shown to be dependent on both ionic and electronic conductivities. 4 The dielectric response of the depletion layer and bulk glass during poling also remains unclear, as we note that the dielectric constant of alkali silicate glasses increases with increasing alkali content.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,10 However, bulk electrical conductivity and charge compensation via anion migration or cation injection from the anode remain in question. 3,[15][16][17] The extent of electro-thermal poling has been shown to be dependent on both ionic and electronic conductivities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] In recent years, interest in this technique has expanded beyond SONL to enhance a variety of biological, physical and chemical properties of glass. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] For example, electro-thermal poling has been reported to modify a glass' affinity to atmospheric water at the anode region. 18 Electro-thermal poling generally comprises of four main processing steps.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Depletion Layer Formation in Alkali Silicate Glasses by Electro-Thermal Poling

McLaren

Balabajew

Gellert

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Electro-thermal poling of alkali-containing glasses has been known to enhance various physical and chemical properties due to the formation of an alkali ion depletion layer. We have investigated the role of alkali ion migration in depletion layer formation by in situ impedance spectroscopy, poling current measurements and ToF-SIMS on two binary alkali (lithium and sodium) disilicate glasses and two mixed alkali lithium-sodium disilicate glasses. Typically, the depletion layer is formed within a few minutes, reaching a thickness of the order of 100 nm while its impedance continues to increase for the duration of poling. Its electrical conductivity is six or more orders of magnitude lower than that of the bulk glass; by comparison the dielectric constant is lower, approaching the value for silica containing a few percent alkali oxide. Two processes contribute to the formation of a depletion layer: a relatively fast initial process arising from alkali ion migration, followed by a slower process of either electrolysis or gaseous oxygen evolution near the anode. Implications of electro-thermal poling for the mechanism of recently discovered electric field-induced softening of glass are discussed. Electro-thermal poling was primarily developed to induce secondorder nonlinear (SONL) optical susceptibility in glasses by application of DC electric fields. [1][2][3][4] In recent years, interest in this technique has expanded beyond SONL to enhance a variety of biological, physical and chemical properties of glass.5-18 For example, electro-thermal poling has been reported to modify a glass' affinity to atmospheric water at the anode region.18 Electro-thermal poling generally comprises of four main processing steps. First, a glass is heated to a predetermined poling temperature (T p ) below the glass transition temperature (T g ), which allows for increased ionic conductivity while retaining the preformed dimensions. Electrodes on opposite sides of the glass sample are then used to apply a DC voltage (V p ) at T p . After sufficient charge flow has occurred, the glass is then cooled to ambient while still applying the DC voltage to 'freeze' ionic displacements. Finally, the applied voltage is removed at ambient temperature where ionic conductivity is significantly lower to prevent ionic migration back toward original positions. Modification of properties is largely effected by the formation of an alkali ion depletion layer at the anode due to charge transport of ions during these steps.Recently, electric field-induced softening (EFIS) of glass was reported to reduce furnace temperature required for glass softening. 19EFIS is a processing technique where a compressive load is applied to a rectangular glass block inside a furnace. The furnace is then heated at a constant rate while electrodes are used to apply an external electric field across the two parallel faces of the block. The observed reduction in furnace temperature, compared to zero-field conditions, occurs as a result of Joule heating, electrolysis and dielectric b...

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“…32,35 However, the substitution of sodium ion with proton by this method proceeds only slightly, which is a discriminate point from the corona discharge treatment. Krieger and Lanford investigated the transport phenomena of ions (sodium, calcium ions, and proton) in a soda lime glass with application of DC voltage using Rutherford backscattering technique.…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of alkali-free and high-proton concentration layer in a soda lime glass using non-contact corona discharge

Ikeda

Sakai

Funatsu

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Physics

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Formation mechanisms of alkali-free and high-proton concentration surfaces were investigated for a soda lime glass using a corona discharge treatment under an atmospheric pressure. Protons produced by high DC voltage around an anode needle electrode were incorporated into a sodium ion site in the anode side glass. The sodium ion was swept away to the cathode side as a charge carrier. Then it was discharged. The precipitated sodium was transformed to a Na 2 CO 3 powder when the surface contacted with air. The sodium ion in the glass surface layer of the anode side was replaced completely by protons. The concentration of OH groups in the layer was balanced with the amount of excluded sodium ions. The substitution reaction of sodium ions with protons tends to be saturated according to a square root function of time. The alkali depletion layer formation rate was affected by the large difference in mobility between sodium ions and protons in the glass. V C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx

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Compositional and structural changes at the anodic surface of thermally poled soda-lime float glass

Cited by 53 publications

References 26 publications

Measurement of the refractive index of electrically poled soda-lime glass layers using leaky modes

Measurement of the refractive index of electrically poled soda-lime glass layers using leaky modes

Depletion Layer Formation in Alkali Silicate Glasses by Electro-Thermal Poling

Generation of alkali-free and high-proton concentration layer in a soda lime glass using non-contact corona discharge

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