Compound Control Method of Carbon Content in Argon–Oxygen Refining Ferrochromium Alloy

You, Yuan; Wei, Bingkun; Wen, Yumei; Wang, Zhanli; Jiang, Baoliang

doi:10.1007/s12666-021-02328-0

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 8 publications

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“…With increasing demands for steel and alloy quality, the need to develop advanced production technologies for complex ferroalloys becomes apparent [5,11,12]. One way to optimize these technological processes is by utilizing lower-grade raw materials, including high-ash coals as an alternative to traditional coke, which can lead to cost reduction and increased economic efficiency [8,9,[13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of complex Fe-Si-Mn-Cr ferroalloy using high-ash coal: a sustainable metallurgical approach

Makhambetov,

Gabdullin,

Zhakan

et al. 2024

Mater. Res. Express

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The article presents the results of comprehensive thermodynamic modeling and laboratory tests conducted for smelting a complex ferroalloy of silicon, manganese, and chromium (Fe-Si-Mn-Cr) from chromium, medium-grade manganese ores, and high-ash coals from Kazakhstan. Thermodynamic analysis was performed using HSC Chemistry software to model the Fe-Si-Mn-Cr smelting process over a temperature range of 900–1800 ℃. This analysis involved six actual charge compositions with solid reductant (Csolid) consumption ranging from 5 to 20 kg per 100 kg of Cr and Mn ore mixture. The mechanism of the combined carbothermic reduction of Cr, Mn, Si, and Fe was investigated using the Cr-Si-Al-Ca-Mn-Mg-O-C system. According to thermodynamic data, the optimal consumption of Csolid per 100 kg of ore mixture is 17 kg, and the optimal temperature range for smelting ferroalloys is between 1600 and 1700 ℃. Laboratory tests were conducted in a high-temperature Tamman furnace at 1700 ℃, resulting in experimental samples of the new complex ferroalloy with an average composition of 14.85% Fe, 14.05% Si, 7.55% Mn, 57.54% Cr, and 6.01% C, with P < 0.03% and S < 0.02%. The phase composition included (Cr, Fe, Mn)3Si and carbides Cr23C6 and (Fe, Mn)3C. The resulting alloy is suitable for alloying high-carbon and tool steels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of complex Fe-Si-Mn-Cr ferroalloy using high-ash coal: a sustainable metallurgical approach

Makhambetov,

Gabdullin,

Zhakan

et al. 2024

Mater. Res. Express

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Improved internal model control method for carbon content of argon–oxygen refining ferrochromium alloys

et al. 2021

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We propose an improved internal model control method for the carbon content in the production process of argon–oxygen refining ferrochromium alloys. In the actual process, the control output is restricted and cannot fully demonstrate the control effect. Therefore, by decomposing the traditional internal model controller, we achieved saturation compensation, overcoming this limitation. In addition, by referring to the current production process, the smelting stages with different carbon-content ranges were determined. Combined with the actual equipment conditions, an anti-saturation internal model controller structure and a controller saturation numerical expert system were constructed, forming a fully improved internal model control system. The proposed method fully utilizes the steady-state error-free characteristic of the internal model control, achieving the preset control goal and significantly shortening the smelting time and improving the smelting efficiency.

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Study on adaptive parameter internal mode control method for argon-oxygen refining ferrochrome alloy

Han

Wen

et al. 2023

AIP Advances

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To enhance the rate of argon–oxygen refining of ferroalloys, this article is based on the physical and chemical reactions of the smelting process as well as the actual smelting data. A mechanistic model of the rate of change of oxygen supply and carbon content in the smelting process and the temperature of the reaction fluid in the furnace is established. An expert internal model control framework with furnace temperature and carbon content as output and oxygen supply rate as input is constructed. An adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism is added to the control framework by combining data on the maximum gas supply rate and temperature threshold of the stage in the actual production process. The method improves smelting speed and smelting accuracy compared to the general method. It is also able to adjust the furnace temperature according to the actual smelting situation. The actual smelting was carried out according to this method, the improved method reduced the smelting time by 12.79% compared to the general method, and the furnace temperature was controlled below 1950 K.

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Compound Control Method of Carbon Content in Argon–Oxygen Refining Ferrochromium Alloy

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Production of complex Fe-Si-Mn-Cr ferroalloy using high-ash coal: a sustainable metallurgical approach

Production of complex Fe-Si-Mn-Cr ferroalloy using high-ash coal: a sustainable metallurgical approach

Improved internal model control method for carbon content of argon–oxygen refining ferrochromium alloys

Study on adaptive parameter internal mode control method for argon-oxygen refining ferrochrome alloy

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