Comprehensive analysis of polygalacturonase gene family highlights candidate genes related to pollen development and male fertility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

et al. 2021

IJMS

Polygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15) is a crucial enzyme for pectin degradation and is involved in various developmental processes such as fruit ripening, pollen development, cell expansion, and organ abscission. However, information on the PG gene family in the maize (Zea mays L.) genome and the specific members involved in maize anther development are still lacking. In this study, we identified 55 PG family genes from the maize genome and further characterized their evolutionary relationship and expression patterns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ZmPGs are grouped into six Clades, and gene structures of the same Clade are highly conserved, suggesting their functional conservation. The ZmPGs are randomly distributed across maize chromosomes, and collinearity analysis showed that many ZmPGs might be derived from tandem duplications and segmental duplications, and these genes are under purifying selection. Furthermore, gene expression analysis provided insights into possible functional divergence among ZmPGs. Based on the RNA-seq data analysis, we found that many ZmPGs are expressed in various tissues while 18 ZmPGs are highly expressed in maize anther, and their detailed expression profiles in different anther developmental stages were further investigated by using RT-qPCR analysis. These results provide valuable information for further functional characterization and application of the ZmPGs in maize.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Polygalacturonase Gene Family in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Hou

et al. 2021

IJMS

“…Several PGs and PLs showed a similar expression pattern, which cleaved homogalacturonan during pectin metabolism ( Figure 5C ). Previous studies have shown that the pectinase-related PG genes mainly play a role in the process of cell separation, which is essential for abscission and anther dehiscence ( Yang et al., 2013 ; Ye et al., 2020 ). In Arabidopsis , ADPG1, ADPG2, and QUARTET2 are PG genes that contribute to anther dehiscence ( Ogawa et al., 2009 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic analysis reveals candidate genes associated with anther development in Lilium Oriental Hybrid ‘Siberia’

Dong

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

Lily (Lilium spp. and hybrids) is an important cut flower crop worldwide. Lily flowers have large anthers, which release a large amount of pollen that stains the tepals or clothing and thus can affect the commercial value of cut flowers. In this study, lily Oriental ‘Siberia’ was used to investigate the regulatory mechanism of lily anther development, which may provide information to prevent pollen pollution in the future. Based on the flower bud length, anther length and color, and anatomical observations, lily anther development was categorized into five stages: green (G), green-to-yellow 1 (GY1), green-to-yellow 2 (GY2), yellow (Y), and purple (P). Total RNA was extracted from the anthers at each stage for transcriptomic analysis. A total of 268.92-Gb clean reads were generated, and 81,287 unigenes were assembled and annotated. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and unique genes were largest for the pairwise comparison between the G and GY1 stages. The G and P samples were clustered separately, whereas the GY1, GY2, and Y samples were clustered together in scatter plots from a principal component analysis. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses of DEGs detected in the GY1, GY2, and Y stages revealed that the pectin catabolic process, hormone levels, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were enriched. The DEGs associated with jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling were highly expressed at the early stages (G and GY1), whereas the DEGs associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were mainly expressed in the intermediate stages (GY1, GY2, and Y). The DEGs involved in the pectin catabolic process were expressed at advanced stages (Y and P). Cucumber mosaic virus-induced gene silencing of LoMYB21 and LoAMS caused a strongly inhibited anther dehiscence phenotype, but without affecting the development of other floral organs. These results provide novel insights for understanding the regulatory mechanism of anther development in lily and other plants.

“…The PME-encoding genes Glyma.09G042200 , Glyma.09G042100, Glyma.09G035100, Glyma.01G066100 , and Glyma.01G066000 ( Table 1 ) were markedly down-regulated in W931A at both the mRNA and protein levels, indicating that these genes play important roles in pollen development. In addition to PMEs, other DEGs that had functions associated with cell wall biosynthesis and regulation and that were expressed specifically in the pollen may also have been involved in pollen development ( Becker et al., 2003 ; Shi et al., 2015 ), such as the gene encoding a PG ( Hocq et al., 2020 ; Ye et al., 2020 ; Wu et al., 2022 ). PG is a cell wall hydrolysis and loosening enzyme that plays a role in pollen maturation and pollen tube growth by degrading pectin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of a cytoplasmic male sterility line and associated maintainer line in soybean

Zhang

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

IntroductionHeterosis is a critical phenomenon in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and Restorer gene (Rf) systems are essential components for heterosis-based breeding. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CMS remains largely unclear in soybean.MethodsWe integrated a morphological investigation with comparative analyses of transcriptomic and proteomic changes in pollen from the CMS line W931A and its maintainer line, W931B, at the uninucleate microspore (UM) and binucleate pollen (BP) stages.ResultsCompared to W931B, which had healthy, oval pollen grains, W931A showed shrunken or degraded pollen grains with an irregularly thickened endothelium and decreased starch accumulation. Transcriptomic comparisons revealed a total of 865 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in W931A over the two stages. These genes were primarily associated with pentose and glucuronate interconversions, sphingolipid metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism. Proteomic analysis revealed 343 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), which were mainly involved in carbon metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and nitrogen metabolism. Consistently, Gene Ontology (GO) biological process terms related to pollen development were enriched among DEGs at the UM and BP stages. Notably, four genes with demonstrated roles in pollen development were differentially expressed, including AGAMOUS-LIKE 104, PROTEIN-TYROSINE-PHOSPHATASE 1, and PHOSPHOLIPASE A2. A total of 53 genes and the corresponding proteins were differentially expressed in W931A at both the UM and BP stages, and many of these were pectinesterases, polygalacturonases, peroxidases, and ATPases.DiscussionThe results of this study suggest that pollen development in W931A is likely regulated through suppression of the identified DEGs and DEPs. These findings increase our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying CMS in soybean, aiding future research into soybean fertility and promoting the efficient use of heterosis for soybean improvement.