Comprehensive environmental review following the pork PCB/dioxin contamination incident in Ireland

Marnane, Ian

doi:10.1039/c2em30374d

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…In 2003, the use of painted wood as fuel for drying bakery byproducts in Germany caused a contamination of these materials and the temporary closure of many farms in the Netherlands ). An even more serious incident in terms of contamination levels, occurred in Ireland and was discovered at the end of 2008 (Marnane, 2012;Tlustos, Sheridan, O'Sullivan, Anderson, & Flynn, 2012). Company self-control by a French laboratory resulted in the detection of an elevated PCDD/F level in pork (about 400 times the ML of 1 pg TEQ/g fat), imported from the Netherlands.…”

Section: Feed Incidentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

European developments following incidents with dioxins and PCBs in the food and feed chain

Hoogenboom¹,

Traag²,

Fernandes

et al. 2015

Food Control

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Section: Feed Incidentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

European developments following incidents with dioxins and PCBs in the food and feed chain

Hoogenboom¹,

Traag²,

Fernandes

et al. 2015

Food Control

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“…The total dioxin and furan composition of the oils was in the range of 800 ng I-TEQ/kg. As a result, the fuel was not fit for the purpose [57]. The fuel oil was recycled oil which was supplied from Northern Ireland.…”

Section: Source Of the Contamination And Congener Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidents with Dioxins and PCBs in Food and Feed-Investigative Work, Risk Management and Economic Consequences

Malisch¹

2017

JEP

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The identification of contamination sources within the food chain with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), ("dioxins"), and PCBs is difficult and complex. PCDD/PCDF can be formed as unintentional compounds in a number of chemical processes as well as in almost every combustion process. PCBs were intentionally produced chemicals that were manufactured for decades before the ban in marketing and use in many countries around 1985. The pattern of occurrence can change from the original source in particular via feedingstuffs to food of animal origin as result of bioaccumulation. A number of examples illustrate the challenging detective work and key scientific aspects for identification of the sources, for support of the risk management and for performance of monitoring programs. The contamination of milk and milk products in European countries with dioxins was caused by compound feeds containing citrus pulp pellets from Brazil which had high dioxin levels as a result of the use of heavily contaminated lime used for neutralization. The Belgian dioxin crisis was caused by a feed additive heavily contaminated with PCBs which were discharged into a recycled fat used in the production of animal feed. Guar gum from India was contaminated with sodium pentachlorophenate and dioxins. Clay was found to be possibly highly contaminated with dioxins possibly formed by geothermal processes over time; use of such clay as feed additive or for human intake led to elevated dioxin levels in food and humans. Bioanalytical screening in combination with comprehensive physicochemical investigations led to the detection of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in a feed additive. Buffalo milk was contaminated in Italy presumably caused by illegal deposition of waste. High PCB levels in fuel oil for drying of breadcrumb used as a feed ingredient caused a major dioxin crisis with pork How to cite this paper: Malisch, R. (2017) Incidents with Dioxins and PCBs in Food and Feed-Investigative Work, Risk Management and Economic Consequences. Journal of Environmental Protection, 8, 744-785.

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“…Indeed, the presence of halide atoms in xenobiotic molecules often renders them recalcitrant to biological mineralization and can cause or augment toxic effects. The high toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation of chlorinated molecules such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or dioxins is of particular concern, and pollution of the environment and/or food chain by these compounds is often exacerbated by detection problems [3,4]. Organohalide-respiring bacteria have been shown to use a range of chlorinated molecules as terminal electron acceptors, and these organisms as well as the molecular components underpinning this process have the potential for future applications in bioremediation/biosensing of PCB/dioxin-type compounds [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The transcriptional regulator CprK detects chlorination by combining direct and indirect readout mechanisms

Kemp

Dunstan

Fisher

et al. 2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The transcriptional regulator CprK controls the expression of the reductive dehalogenase CprA in organohalide-respiring bacteria. Desulfitobacterium hafniense CprA catalyses the reductive dechlorination of the terminal electron acceptor o-chlorophenol acetic acid, generating the phenol acetic acid product. It has been shown that CprK has ability to distinguish between the chlorinated CprA substrate and the de-halogenated end product, with an estimated an estimated 104-fold difference in affinity. Using a green fluorescent protein GFPUV-based transcriptional reporter system, we establish that CprK can sense o-chlorophenol acetic acid at the nanomolar level, whereas phenol acetic acid leads to transcriptional activation only when approaching micromolar levels. A structure–activity relationship study, using a range of o-chlorophenol acetic-acid-related compounds and key CprK mutants, combined with pKa calculations on the effector binding site, suggests that the sensitive detection of chlorination is achieved through a combination of direct and indirect readout mechanisms. Both the physical presence of the bulky chloride substituent as well as the accompanying electronic effects lowering the inherent phenol pKa are required for high affinity. Indeed, transcriptional activation by CprK appears strictly dependent on establishing a phenolate–K133 salt bridge interaction, rather than on the presence of a halogen atom per se. As K133 is strictly conserved within the CprK family, our data suggest that physiological function and future applications in biosensing are probably restricted to phenolic compounds.

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Comprehensive environmental review following the pork PCB/dioxin contamination incident in Ireland

Cited by 27 publications

References 1 publication

European developments following incidents with dioxins and PCBs in the food and feed chain

European developments following incidents with dioxins and PCBs in the food and feed chain

Incidents with Dioxins and PCBs in Food and Feed-Investigative Work, Risk Management and Economic Consequences

The transcriptional regulator CprK detects chlorination by combining direct and indirect readout mechanisms

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