Comprehensive Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Snake Fruit: Salak (Salacca zalacca)

Abstract

Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss) is a fruit species traditionally cultivated in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. The edible parts of the fruits contain a certain amount of total phenolic, flavonoid, and monoterpenoid compounds, proving them to be their perfect sources. The main goal of this work was to detect, quantify, and identify various phenolic compounds present in snake fruit pulp. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to a Q-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometer was able to detect 19 phenolic compounds in the salak pulp, including 5 flavanols, 6 phenolic acids, 2 flavonols, 1 flavone, and also 5 presumably new phenolic compounds. Among the detected compounds, 11 were reported and quantified for the first time in salak pulp. Chlorogenic acid was by far the most predominant phenolic compound. The next relatively abundant compounds in snake fruit were epicatechin, isoquercetin, neochlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid and procyanidine B2 (levels at ca 5–10 μg/g in MeOH extract), syringic acid, and caffeic acid (levels at ca 1 μg/g in H2O extract). A significant total phenolic content (257.17 μL/mL) and antioxidant activities (10.56 μM TE/g of fruit pulp) were determined. In conclusion, S. zalacca fruit has potential to serve as a natural source of phenolic compounds with antioxidative activities which may be associated with their health benefits.

Application of Coatings in Preservation of Fresh Salak Bali (Salacca zalacca) with Different Emulsions of Fatty Acids

“…This is not surprising because salak is one of the tropical plant's native to Indonesia. As a native Indonesian plant, the development of salak cultivation is included in the indigenous agricultural system [2]. Karangasem is the center of the salak crop in Bali, and from this area it spread to other areas so that today Balinese salak can be found in almost all districts in Bali.…”

Agronomic Characters and Quality of Fruit of Salak cv. Gulapasir Planted in Various Agro-Ecosystems

“…One of the extraordinary strengths of this fruit commodity for Indonesia is the possession of high genetic diversity (Budiyanti et al, 2019). Also, the nutrition of salak fruit is rich in antioxidants, phenolics, vitamins, and minerals (Cepkova et al, 2021;Mazumdar et al, 2019), and a good source of income and provides livelihood opportunities on seasonal days (Khan and Idrees, 2021). Furthermore fruit flesh and peel have shown tremendous anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic (Saleh et al, 2018), and anti-aging agents (Girsang et al, 2019).…”

Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography determination of three active compounds in snake fruit peel extracts

“…Numerous investigations have been conducted on the phytochemicals in SF, particularly its caffeic acid derivatives and procyanidins (Hlásná Čepková et al, 2021;Kanlayavattanakul et al, 2013). Both chlorogenic acid (CGA) and neochlorogenic acid (Neo) are esters of caffeic and quinic acids, which are two compounds possessing powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities Science, Engineering and Health Studies https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/sehs ISSN (Online): 2630-0087…”