Comprehensive Review of Emergence and Virology of Tickborne Bourbon Virus in the United States

Abstract

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Emerging tickborne viruses vectored by Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae): Heartland and Bourbon viruses

“…Accurate case counts of BRBV infection are currently unavailable. Three clinical cases of BRBV have been described in the literature, one each in KS, MO, and Oklahoma (Kosoy et al 2015, OKDOH 2015, MDHSS 2018a, Bricker et al 2019, Roe et al 2023), of which 2 were fatal. Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (MODHSS) lists an additional acute case from the southwest corner of the state that made a full recovery (MDHSS 2018a).…”

“…Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (MODHSS) lists an additional acute case from the southwest corner of the state that made a full recovery (MDHSS 2018a). Similar to HRTV disease, infection with BRBV is characterized by fever, fatigue, nausea, myalgia, arthralgia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia (Kosoy et al 2015, Bricker et al 2019, CDC 2023a, Roe et al 2023). Unlike HRTV, a rash was noted in each of the cases with clinical information available.…”

Lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infected with Bourbon virus in New Jersey, USA

“…Bourbon virus (BRBV) is a thogotovirus isolated from a human patient in Bourbon County, Kansas in 2014 (Kosoy et al 2015). Only 5 human cases including two fatalities are known from Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma(Roe et al 2023). However, a recent serological study in St. Louis, MO detected antibodies to BRBV in 0.7% of people without history of symptoms, suggesting human infections with BRBV may be more common than previously recognized (Bamunuarachchi et al 2022).…”

Diversification of Bourbon Virus in New York State

“…Eleven days after symptom onset, the patient died. Since 2014, four additional human cases have been identified in the midwestern United States (US) [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Symptoms in each case were associated with tick exposure and onset of symptoms including weakness, fatigue, and nausea 2–7 days post reported tick bite.…”