Comprehensive Therapeutic Interventions Against Sars-Cov-2: A Review and Prospective

Abstract

In December 2019, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, first reported pneumonia like symptoms with unknown aetiology caused by a novel coronavirus. The novel coronavirus was renamed as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the disease was termed as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). As of 19 August, 2022, the infection has reached above 220 countries, areas or territories with a total of 591 683 619 confirmed cases and 6 443 306 deaths, as published by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 is strongly contagious as it has R0, 2.2-2.6, in comparison to SARS-CoV (<1) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (1.4-2.5), respectively. SARS-CoV-2 might become less virulent than the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, with the currently analyzed mortality of COVID-19 is 3.4%. The original SARS-CoV-2 has undergone “virus evolution” with the occurrence of numerous variants such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta etc. Recently, the circulating variant of concern is Omicron subvariants. Currently, real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction-based detection of the viral genome (RNA) is the gold standard for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. At present, Remdesivir (RDV) and Baricitinib drugs as well as vaccines Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna have been approved for the treatment of COVID-19 by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this review, we summarized the existing state of knowledge on approved antiviral therapy, combination therapy, blood-derived therapeutics and immunomodulators to treat COVID-19 pandemic.

Formulation and evaluation of buccal films of piroxicam co-crystals

“…The solubility of resulting co-crystals was determined and selected coformer (co-crystal showing highest solubility) was further screened in order to select optimum ratio of drug and co-former. Three ratios of drug: co-former were screened viz (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2) [12][13][14].…”

An Overview of the Promising Approach to Enhance the Physical Property of Api by Pharmaceutical Co-Crystallisation Technique

“…Melting point of pure API, co-formers and cocrystals are obtained by capillary method using liquid paraffin [26] or DSC is the preferred for obtaining melting point data and thermal data such as enthalpy of melting. DSC has recently been used as a tool for rapid cocrystal screening [27].…”

“…The electrons interact with the atoms that make up the sample producing signals which provide information about the sample's surface topography. It is used to determine the cocrystal micrograph and particle size [28][29][30].…”

“…The problem is that a single pharmaceutical cocrystal which is qualified for SXRD testing cannot always be produced. Therefore, powder Xray diffraction (PXRD) are utilised more frequently to verify the formation of cocrystals [28][29][30].…”

“…• Raman spectroscopy is used to study vibrational, rotational, and other low frequency modes in a system. There are many applications using Raman spectroscopy to identify characteristic peaks of cocrystal products [28][29][30].…”