“…[ 18 ] The mode of preparation, morphology, and physicochemical properties have been extensively described elsewhere. [ 6,8,13,19 ]…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[18] The mode of preparation, morphology, and physicochemical properties have been extensively described elsewhere. [6,8,13,19] 2.2 | Animals and surgical procedure Six New Zealand rabbits (15-to 16-week-old and weighting approximately 3.5-3.75 kg) were used in the present study and purchased from Hypharm France (49,450 Sevremoine, France). They were acclimated during 10 days to the local stabling conditions and had received, ad libitum, water and synthetic food.…”
Section: β-Tcp Granulesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[11,12] We have previously shown that porous scaffolds of β-TCP granules control the access of the grafted area to macrophages, vascular sprouts, and osteoprogenitor cells in vitro and computed simulation of fluid dynamics. [13] Although several papers have been published on the histological aspects of biocompatibility of β-TCP, there has been less research on molecular imaging this biomaterial in bone tissues. Molecular imaging offers important complementary results to histological data because it provides spatial information.…”
Bone grafting with synthetic substitutes is now the preferred technique in maxillofacial surgery. The biocompatibility of biomaterials such as betatricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) necessitates animal experimentation. Here, six rabbits received β-TCP granules in a hole drilled in the femoral condyle and were compared with ungrafted holes with a similar critical size defect on the control-lateral side. Microcomputed tomography confirmed that new bone trabeculae had invaded the grafted zone after 28 days, whereas only minimal remodeling had occurred at the margins of the hole in control rabbits. Histological sections, after polymethylmethacrylate (pMMA) embedding, evidenced a direct apposition of bone onto the granules. In some areas, osteoid tissue remained unmineralized, sandwiched between the biomaterial and fully calcified bone. Raman analysis was used to characterize the differences between the calcium/phosphate biomaterial and the bone matrix containing hydroxyapatite. Luminescence of β-TCP was evidenced with a 785-nm laser used for biological analysis but not with a 532-nm laser. The ν1 phosphate allowed a clear differentiation of bone and the biomaterial as the subpeaks were not similar (960 cm −1 for bone, 949 and 970 cm −1 for β-TCP). Hydration (derived from identification of pMMA at 813 cm −1) and crystallinity could be determined. Raman imaging allowed the precise localization of these different peaks or ratios; luminescence peaks of β-TCP also allowed a clear differentiation of the material from bone.
“…[ 18 ] The mode of preparation, morphology, and physicochemical properties have been extensively described elsewhere. [ 6,8,13,19 ]…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[18] The mode of preparation, morphology, and physicochemical properties have been extensively described elsewhere. [6,8,13,19] 2.2 | Animals and surgical procedure Six New Zealand rabbits (15-to 16-week-old and weighting approximately 3.5-3.75 kg) were used in the present study and purchased from Hypharm France (49,450 Sevremoine, France). They were acclimated during 10 days to the local stabling conditions and had received, ad libitum, water and synthetic food.…”
Section: β-Tcp Granulesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[11,12] We have previously shown that porous scaffolds of β-TCP granules control the access of the grafted area to macrophages, vascular sprouts, and osteoprogenitor cells in vitro and computed simulation of fluid dynamics. [13] Although several papers have been published on the histological aspects of biocompatibility of β-TCP, there has been less research on molecular imaging this biomaterial in bone tissues. Molecular imaging offers important complementary results to histological data because it provides spatial information.…”
Bone grafting with synthetic substitutes is now the preferred technique in maxillofacial surgery. The biocompatibility of biomaterials such as betatricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) necessitates animal experimentation. Here, six rabbits received β-TCP granules in a hole drilled in the femoral condyle and were compared with ungrafted holes with a similar critical size defect on the control-lateral side. Microcomputed tomography confirmed that new bone trabeculae had invaded the grafted zone after 28 days, whereas only minimal remodeling had occurred at the margins of the hole in control rabbits. Histological sections, after polymethylmethacrylate (pMMA) embedding, evidenced a direct apposition of bone onto the granules. In some areas, osteoid tissue remained unmineralized, sandwiched between the biomaterial and fully calcified bone. Raman analysis was used to characterize the differences between the calcium/phosphate biomaterial and the bone matrix containing hydroxyapatite. Luminescence of β-TCP was evidenced with a 785-nm laser used for biological analysis but not with a 532-nm laser. The ν1 phosphate allowed a clear differentiation of bone and the biomaterial as the subpeaks were not similar (960 cm −1 for bone, 949 and 970 cm −1 for β-TCP). Hydration (derived from identification of pMMA at 813 cm −1) and crystallinity could be determined. Raman imaging allowed the precise localization of these different peaks or ratios; luminescence peaks of β-TCP also allowed a clear differentiation of the material from bone.
“…CFD simulations are normally used to study specific properties of scaffolds that are related to the fluid flow, with almost all CFD studies analysing the permeability and most of them also analysing the WSS (figure 2 a ) [23,26,28–36]. Additionally, these analyses are sometimes used to study the tortuosity of the fluid flow [6,27,37] (figure 2 b ) or to examine the possible cellular distribution inside the scaffolds [24,25]. Alternatively, CFD simulations have also been employed by a couple of studies for considerably distinct applications.…”
Section: Cfdmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[38] who used this computational method to determine the average pore size and pore distribution in Freeze-Cast scaffolds and the paper by Chappard et al . [37] who used CFD to determine the permeability of different granule biomaterials for mandible scaffolds. Figure 2Fluidic properties studied using CFD simulations: ( a ) wall shear stress (WSS) along the walls of the scaffold (adapted from [26]) and ( b ) tortuosity of the fluid flow through the scaffold (adapted from [27]).…”
Bone injuries or defects that require invasive surgical treatment are a serious clinical issue, particularly when it comes to treatment success and effectiveness. Accordingly, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been researching the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis tools to assist in designing optimal scaffolds that better promote bone growth and repair. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive review of recent studies that use CFD analysis in BTE. The mechanical and fluidic properties of a given scaffold are coupled to each other via the scaffold architecture, meaning an optimization of one may negatively affect the other. For example, designs that improve scaffold permeability normally result in a decreased average wall shear stress. Linked with these findings, it appears there are very few studies in this area that state a specific application for their scaffolds and those that do are focused on
in vitro
bioreactor environments. Finally, this review also demonstrates a scarcity of studies that combine CFD with optimization methods to improve scaffold design. This highlights an important direction of research for the development of the next generation of BTE scaffolds.
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