“…The engine-out soot is the final particle survived through these soot formation and oxidation processes. Soot particles are usually assumed to have a spherical shape in simplified two-step models (Cantrell et al, 2009;Ge et al, 2009;Ge et al, 2010;Hiroyasu and Kadota, 1976;Kong et al, 2007;Shi et al, 2011), phenomenological multi-step models (Jia et al, 2009;Tao et al, 2006Tao et al, , 2007Tao et al, 2009;Reitz, 2009, 2015), and comprehensive models (Frenklach and Wang, 1991;Kazakov and Frenklach, 1998;Kazakov et al, 1995;Kumar and Ramkrishna, 1996;Wen et al, 2005). Chainlike soot agglomerates of sizes up to a micrometer size range may exist.…”