Computed Tomographic Brain Scanning in Children with Developmental Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Caparulo, Barbara K.; Cohen, Donald J.; Rothman, Stephen L. G.; Young, Justin G.; Katz, Jonathan D.; Shaywitz, Sally E.; Shaywitz, Bennett A.

doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60993-6

Cited by 97 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Careful controlled studies are needed to evaluate the significance of these relatively minor abnormalities. 33 The clinical distinction between chorea, myoclonus and tics can on occasions be extremely difficult. As a consequence, video films of the patients in whom we believed myoclonus chorea or dystonia to be occurring in association with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome were shown to other neurologists either at neurological meetings or informally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A clinical study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in the United Kingdom.

Lees¹,

Robertson²,

Trimble³

et al. 1984

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

154

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SUMMARY The clinical features of 53 British-born patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome are described. The mean age at onset of body tics was seven years and for vocalisations 11 years. Coprolalia was present in 39%, copropraxia in 21%, echolalia in 46% and echopraxia in 21%. Complicated antics and mannerisms were also common, often involving the compulsive touching of objects or self-injurious behaviour. Forty-six per cent of cases had a family history of tics in a single close relative and in two individuals a further member of the family had Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Focal dystonia was present in four patients who had never received neuroleptics drugs and chorea was seen in two other untreated patients. In three patients acoustic startle consistently induced brief eye blink followed by a whole body jerk or jump. Rapid repetitive movements of the hands increased the frequency and severity of tics in 13 patients, but the performance of mental arithmetic under time pressure had a much more unpredictable effect. Electroencephalographic abnormalities occurred in eight (13%) but no definite CT brain scan abnormalities were detected. The incidence of left handedness did not differ from that in the general population and no evidence to suggest organic impairment was found on neuropsychological testing. This study provides no support for the notion that Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system but provides some evidence for heterogeneity.Tics are abrupt variable, usually repetitive coordinated muscular jerks which are relatively easy to imitate and can be voluntarily suppressed for considerable periods of time. Their pathophysiology remains obscure but they have in the past generally been considered to be environmentally determined-as Charcot put it "a psychical disorder in a physical guise". However, recent neurophysiological studies suggest that tics are not generated through the motor pathways used for normal self-paced voluntary movement' and there has been a recent swing towards considering this phenomenon to have an underlying neurogenic cause.2 Tic disorders range in severity from the single acute transient tic, which affects up to 10% of children, to the uncommon and sometimes socially

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A clinical study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in the United Kingdom.

Lees¹,

Robertson²,

Trimble³

et al. 1984

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

154

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…None of the abnormalities was located in the same region of the brain, and therefore the abnormalities were probably unrelated to the autistic symptomatology , e.g. lesion in left Brodmann areas 6, 8, and 9 (H. Damasio, Maurer, Damasio, & Chui, 1980), left occipital heterotopia , right lateral geniculate nucleus infarct (Gillberg & Svendsen, 1983), and agenesis of the corpus callosum (Caparulo et al, 1981). In a subsequent study, the prevalence of lesions on MRI in AD was equal to that of the normal control volunteers (Filipek, Richelme, et al, 1992).…”

Section: Anatomic Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Amri) Studies In Admentioning

confidence: 98%

Neuroimaging in the Developmental Disorders: The State of the Science

Filipek

1999

Child Psychology Psychiatry

112

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The developmental disorders of childhood autistic, developmental language, reading (dyslexia), and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders-manifest with deficits in the traditional behavioral domains of cognition, language, visual-spatial function, attention, and socialization. However, none of these disorders has been associated with characteristic discrete focal lesions or recognized encephaloclastic processes. Developmental cognitive neuroscientists must therefore begin with the spectrum of sometimes divergent behaviors occurring within these disorders and work backward in an attempt to identify the responsible anomalous neural systems. Since the advent of "brain imaging" two decades ago, much effort has focused on identifying brain-behavior correlates in these disorders. The results of these neuropathologic, structural, and functional neuroimaging studies are presented and the reasons for the often divergent findings are discussed. As we approach the end of the Decade of the Brain, current neuroimaging techniques give us the technology for the first time to apply a fundamental cognitive approach to brain-behavior relationships in the developmental disorders, to eliminate the conglomeration of "apples and camels" phenomenon. Researchers are working together to create comparable protocols and to adhere to methods that can be replicated across sites. The future prospects for a greater understanding of the developmental disorders are now much brighter with neuroimaging technology.

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“…Recent studies in this area have included some interesting reports as well as negative findings (e.g., Hauser, DeLong, & Rosman, 1975;Hier, LeMay, & Rosenberger, 1979;Damasio, Maurer, Damasio, & Chui, 1980;Williams, Hauser, Purpura, DeLong, & Swisher, 1980;Caparulo et al, 1981;Tsai, Jacoby, & Stewart, 1983). Some evidence is suggestive of abnormal enlargements of the ventricular system (Hauser et al, 1975;Damasio et al, 1980).…”

Section: Erps To Target Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-related brain potential correlates of the processing of novel visual and auditory information in autism

Courchesne

Lincoln

Kilman³

et al. 1985

J Autism Dev Disord

173

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Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by visual and auditory stimuli were recorded from nonretarded individuals with autism (ages 13-25 years) and age-matched normal controls. In "no-task" conditions, subjects simply looked at or listened to these stimuli; only one difference was found between subject groups. Several ERP differences between groups were found in "task" conditions; subjects pressed a button at the occurrence of target stimuli intermixed with unexpected, novel stimuli and also with expected, nonnovel stimuli. Visual ERP abnormalities in the autistic group differed from auditory abnormalities. Results suggest that (1) nonretarded autistic individuals may have a limited capacity to process novel information--they are neither hypersensitive to novel information nor misperceive it as nonnovel and insignificant; (2) classification of simple visual information may be less impaired than auditory; and (3) with one exception, visual and auditory ERP abnormalities do not seem to reflect maturational delay.

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Computed Tomographic Brain Scanning in Children with Developmental Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Cited by 97 publications

References 28 publications

A clinical study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in the United Kingdom.

A clinical study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in the United Kingdom.

Neuroimaging in the Developmental Disorders: The State of the Science

Event-related brain potential correlates of the processing of novel visual and auditory information in autism

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