“…Besides, Fe 3 C nanoparticles have a strong interaction with RuO 2 due to their high permeability, which is beneficial to the dispersion of RuO 2 on the surface of carbon substrate, exposing more active sites . Carbon materials such as activated carbons, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, , and graphdiyne offer versatile substrates for metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles. , Among them, N-doped porous graphene was selected as the support because of its hierarchical network, large specific surface area, rich pores, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. Moreover, since N can change the charge distribution of graphene greatly due to its large electronegativity, it promotes the adsorption properties and enhances electron transportation.…”