Concentration of hydrogen nanobubbles in electrolyzed water

Kikuchi, Kenji; Tanaka, Yoshinori; Saihara, Yasuhiro; Maeda, Miho; Kawamura, Masaaki; Ogumi, Zempachi

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2006.01.010

Cited by 75 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Electrolyzed water, supersaturated with hydrogen, contained hydrogen nanobubbles at concentrations depending on the type of electrolyte, as reported in previous papers [10][11][12]. We reported the behavior of hydrogen nanobubbles near the cathode, and in the electrolyzed solution [13,14]. Both the hydrogen concentration at the electrode surface and the behavior of hydrogen nanobubbles are important for obtaining a high concentration of hydrogen with water electrolysis.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Concentration determination of oxygen nanobubbles in electrolyzed water

Kikuchi

Ioka

Oku

et al. 2009

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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113

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Concentration determination of oxygen nanobubbles in electrolyzed water

Kikuchi

Ioka

Oku

et al. 2009

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

Self Cite

113

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“…[77][78][79][80][81] Recently, molecular hydrogen was demonstrated to act as a selective antioxidant against cytotoxic oxygen radicals like hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite. 82) Hiraoka et al reported that ERW and several natural mineral waters also possess reducing activities and hypothesized that it is due to molecular hydrogen and/or reductive vanadium ions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effect of Electrolyzed Reduced Water on Tumor Angiogenesis

Hamasaki

et al. 2008

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Tumor angiogenesis, the formation of new blood capillaries by vascular endothelial cells from existing vessels, is an important mechanism for supplying nutrients, oxygen, growth factors and others to tumor cells. Tumor cells trigger angiogenesis by secreting angiogenic factors, especially vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), 1) which plays an important role in the regulation of normal and abnormal angiogenesis.2) VEGF-A (commonly known as VEGF) was first reported as a vascular permeability-inducing factor secreted by tumor cells, and referred to as vascular permeability factor (VPF). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are suggested to play an important role in angiogenesis. 10) Furthermore, there is increasing evidence of the involvement of H 2 O 2 in the regulation of angiogenesis.9,11-13) As well, a variety of cell lines derived from human tumors has been shown to produce large amounts of H 2 O 2 .14) Constitutive surveillance for cellular protection against oxidative stress is conferred by intracellular antioxidative agents.15) Excess amounts of ROS are toxic and cause a reduction of intracellular antioxidant levels.16) It has been reported that pretreatment of the heart with exogenous antioxidants improved its condition as a result of reducing ROS production.17) The VEGF-A gene is one that has its expression regulated by ROS, especially by H 2 O 2 . Additional data support that VEGF-A mRNA is up-regulated by H 2 O 2 in a dose-and time-dependent manner. 18,19) Taken together, these suggest that some endogenous as well as exogenous antioxidative agents can be used to regulate VEGF-A gene expression and/or H 2 O 2 production for therapeutic purposes.Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) has attracted much attention because of its antioxidative potential. Water electrolysis typically produces two forms of water: reduced or alkaline (high pH) water near the cathode and an oxidized or acid (low pH) water near the anode. Applications of oxidized

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“…Furthermore, fine hydrogen bubbles (hydrogen nanobubbles) coexist in colloidal form [8]. In their experimental conditions, hydrogen nanobubbles disappeared in 3 h. Additionally, its stability depends on the current density and ionic strength [9]. In this study, experiments were conducted under higher current density and lower electrolyte concentration conditions than the electrolysis conditions used in the study by Kikuchi et al Therefore, we presume that hydrogen nanobubbles are likely to exist more stably than in the case investigated by Kikuchi et al The reason for the stable presence of hydrogen nanobubbles remains unknown, but elucidation of this mechanism is an important future task.…”

Section: Behavior Of Hydrogen Nanobubbles In Aewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, hydrogen generated from electrolysis is present in AEW as negatively charged colloidal bubbles. Hydroxide ions are reportedly adsorbed onto the surface of negatively charged hydrogen bubbles [9]. Air nanobubbles also have higher negative zeta-potential, and hydroxide ions gather on a sliding plane of electric double layer at the interface between air nanobubbles and water [7].…”

Section: Rinse Effect Of Aew For Sulfate Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior of hydrogen nanobubbles in alkaline electrolyzed water and its rinse effect for sulfate ion remained on nickel-plated surface

Takenouchi

2010

J Appl Electrochem

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More than ordinary rinsing using pure water, cathode water obtained by electrolysis of dilute potassium carbonate aqueous solution (alkaline electrolyzed water: AEW) exhibits a stronger rinse effect for elimination of remaining sulfate ions when rinsing nickel-plated surfaces. This rinse effect was recognized even for AEW that was used 24 h after it was produced, but not 1 week after. Behaviors of hydrogen nanobubbles observed by dynamic light scattering revealed nanobubbles of about 128-nm diameter even 24 h after generation. The Ostwald ripening phenomenon was observed. Hydrogen nanobubbles in an open system changed: some shrank because of ripening, later dissolving in the aqueous solution and disappearing; others showed swelling and expansion. One week later, few nanobubbles smaller than 300 nm were observed. Rinse effects by AEW, which are attributable to the actions of hydrogen nanobubbles generated in AEW, occur because sulfate ions are cleaned and removed from the nickelplated surface.

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Concentration of hydrogen nanobubbles in electrolyzed water

Cited by 75 publications

References 26 publications

Concentration determination of oxygen nanobubbles in electrolyzed water

Concentration determination of oxygen nanobubbles in electrolyzed water

Inhibitory Effect of Electrolyzed Reduced Water on Tumor Angiogenesis

Behavior of hydrogen nanobubbles in alkaline electrolyzed water and its rinse effect for sulfate ion remained on nickel-plated surface

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