Concentrations and significance of cytokines and other immunologic factors in semen of healthy fertile men

Politch, Joseph A.; Tucker, Lynne; Bowman, Frederick P.; Anderson, Deborah J.

doi:10.1093/humrep/dem281

Cited by 203 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…TGF-b is present at very high concentrations in semen (6). Its ability to induce immunological tolerance has been demonstrated in a variety of experimental settings (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration of proteins in the seminal plasma ranges from 35 to 55 g/l, and proteomic analysis leads to the identification of .900 proteins (3,4). High levels of cytokines and chemokines have been described in seminal plasma, being the concentrations of TGF-b1, TGF-b2, TGFb3, IL-7, stromal cell-derived factor-1a, MCP-1, and IL-8 .1000 pg/ml (4)(5)(6)(7). Other cytokines and chemokines were detected at lower concentrations (∼50-200 pg/ml), among them, IL-1b, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17, RANTES, MIP-1b, IFN-a, and G-CSF (4,6).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Semen Promotes the Differentiation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

Lenicov

Rodrígues

Sabatté

et al. 2012

The Journal of Immunology

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Seminal plasma is not just a carrier for spermatozoa. It contains high concentrations of cytokines, chemokines, and other biological compounds that are able to exert potent effects on the immune system of the receptive partner. Previous studies have shown that semen induces an acute inflammatory response at the female genital mucosa after coitus. Moreover, it induces regulatory mechanisms that allow the fetus (a semiallograft) to grow and develop in the uterus. The mechanisms underlying these regulatory mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. In this study, we show that seminal plasma redirects the differentiation of human dendritic cells (DCs) toward a regulatory profile. DCs differentiated from human monocytes in the presence of high dilutions of seminal plasma did not express CD1a but showed high levels of CD14. They were unable to develop a fully mature phenotype in response to LPS, TNF-α, CD40L, Pam2CSK4 (TLR2/6 agonist), or Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2 agonist). Upon activation, they produced low amounts of the inflammatory cytokines IL-12p70, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, but expressed a high ability to produce IL-10 and TGF-β. Inhibition of the PG receptors E-prostanoid receptors 2 and 4 prevented the tolerogenic effect induced by seminal plasma on the phenotype and function of DCs, suggesting that E-series PGs play a major role. By promoting a tolerogenic profile in DCs, seminal plasma might favor fertility, but might also compromise the capacity of the receptive partner to mount an effective immune response against sexually transmitted pathogens.

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“…TGF-b is present at very high concentrations in semen (6). Its ability to induce immunological tolerance has been demonstrated in a variety of experimental settings (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Semen Promotes the Differentiation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

Lenicov

Rodrígues

Sabatté

et al. 2012

The Journal of Immunology

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“…For these reasons, we decided to measure PGE2, HGF and E2 in SP for our current study. Since seminal plasma is enriched with a number of macromolecules (13,14), we speculated in this study that SP could be an additional trigger in the growth of cells derived from women with endometriosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…According to recent literatures, seminal fluid is enriched with different macromolecules, such as immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and sex steroid hormones (13,14). Once these macromolecules are available to endometrial or peritoneal bed, some of these macromolecules may stimulate the growth of endometrial or endometriotic cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seminal fluid of bovine animals and humans contains a number of macromolecules, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, steroid hormones, and immune cells (13,14). The entry of seminal fluid-enriched macromolecules into endometrium and pelvic cavity as a consequence of hematogenous dissemination after tissue absorption and local tissue perfusion has been described (15,16).…”

Section: While Endogenous Factors Were Enormously Reported Differentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of human seminal fluid on the growth of endometrial cells of women with endometriosis

Khan

Kitajima

Hiraki

et al. 2010

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductiv

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Metabolic and transcriptional changes in seminal plasma of asthenozoospermia patients

Chen

Wen

Deng

et al. 2020

Biomedical Chromatography

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This study was designed to investigate the metabolic and transcriptional alterations in seminal fluid caused by asthenozoospermia (AS). To address these issues, a method of metabonomics based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) and real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) was performed to identify some crucial biomarkers and transcription levels of the enzymes in seminal fluid. Seminal fluid samples were collected from 87 AS patients and 73 healthy males with normozoospermia. The quantitative analysis by UPLC–MS/MS showed that 19 metabolites in seminal plasma were associated with AS, and they were involved in several metabolic pathways, such as energy metabolism, purine metabolism, methionine cycle, and branched chain amino acid metabolism. Among these metabolites, the levels of citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, and pyruvic acid, which are related to energy metabolism, were collectively reduced in the AS group, whereas the lactic acid level was enhanced. These results indicated that lesser energy source (adenosine triphosphate) was produced through the anaerobic glycolysis pathway rather than via aerobic catabolism of suger and tricarboxylic acid cycle, resulting in reduced power of sperms. Meanwhile, partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significant differences in metabolic profiles between the AS and control groups. In addition, RT‐qPCR results revealed that the expression levels of four genes encoding fructokinase citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, and spermine synthase, which were related to energy metabolism, were decreased in the AS group. The 23 descriptors with differential expression in AS may be valuable for the diagnosis and sequential study on AS. These results will help highlight the role of sperm inactivity in AS pathogenesis.

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Concentrations and significance of cytokines and other immunologic factors in semen of healthy fertile men

Abstract: The semen of healthy, fertile men contains a broad array of immunologic factors. These normative values can serve as a foundation for future studies on the role of these factors in infertility, genital tract infections and other pathologic conditions.

Cited by 203 publications

References 67 publications

Semen Promotes the Differentiation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

Semen Promotes the Differentiation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

Effect of human seminal fluid on the growth of endometrial cells of women with endometriosis

Metabolic and transcriptional changes in seminal plasma of asthenozoospermia patients

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