Concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at roadside verges, and their contribution to nitrogen deposition

Cape, J. N.; Tang, Y.S.; Dijk, Netty van; Love, L. J. Cline.; Sutton, M. A.; Palmer, Stephen C. F.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.009

Cited by 200 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Likewise, as suggested by data in the present study, on-road NH 3 emissions are a dominant source of NH 4 + deposition in the Lake Tahoe Basin and in the Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Jose and other West Coast metropolitan areas and surrounding regions. The significance of on-road and urban emissions of NH 3 has been demonstrated in many regions (Cape et al, 2004;Decina et al, 2017;Gadsdon and Power, 2009;Kirchner et al, 2005;Rao et al, 2014;Watmough et al, 2014). However, some studies of on-road N emissions have measured oxidized forms of N, while ignoring NH 3 emissions (Gombert et al, 2003;Kenkel et al, 2016), possibly because on-road emissions are as of yet, sometimes underappreciated.…”

Section: Environmental and Ecological Implications Of Urban And On-romentioning

confidence: 99%

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Fenn

Bytnerowicz

Schilling

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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H I G H L I G H T S• This study documents the increasing importance of on-road emissions of NH 3.• NO x emissions control mechanisms frequently result in NH 3 production and emissions.• NH 3 is an important driver of N deposition in urban-affected areas and near roadways.• NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratios in urban deposition are indicative of elevated NH 3 emissions.• On-road NH 3 emissions exceed agricultural emissions where 40% of the U.S. resides. We provide updated spatial distribution and inventory data for on-road NH 3 emissions for the continental United States (U.S.) On-road NH 3 emissions were determined from on-road CO 2 emissions data and empirical NH 3 :CO 2 vehicle emissions ratios. Emissions of NH 3 from on-road sources in urbanized regions are typically 0.1-1.3 t km −2 yr −1 while NH 3 emissions in agricultural regions generally range from 0.4-5.5 t km G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o, with a few hotspots as high as 5.5-11.2 t km −2 yr −1. Counties with higher vehicle NH 3 emissions than from agriculture include 40% of the U.S. population. The amount of wet inorganic N deposition as NH 4 + from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) network ranged from 37 to 83% with a mean of 58.7%. Only 4% of the NADP sites across the U.S. had b45% of the N deposition as NH 4 + based on data from 2014 to 2016, illustrating the near-universal elevated proportions of NH 4 + in deposition across the U.S. Case studies of on-road NH 3 emissions in relation to N deposition include four urban sites in Oregon and Washington where the average NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratio in bulk deposition was 2.3. At urban sites in the greater Los Angeles Basin, bulk deposition of NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N were equivalent, while NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N in throughfall under shrubs ranged from 0.6 to 1.7. The NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratio at 7-10 sites in the Lake Tahoe Basin averaged 1.4 and 1.6 in bulk deposition and throughfall, and deposition of NH 4 -N was strongly correlated with summertime NH 3 concentrations. On-road

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Section: Environmental and Ecological Implications Of Urban And On-romentioning

confidence: 99%

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Fenn

Bytnerowicz

Schilling

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Increasing the number of animals (Behera et al 2013), as well as the intensification of plant cultivation brings further increase of ammonium nitrogen emissions. Cape et al (2004) suggested that the concentration of NO x and NH 4 + found near the road is proportional to the density of traffic. Ammonia nitrogen is the primary alkaline gas in the atmosphere, and it is therefore important for determining the total acidity of precipitation (Shukla & Sharma 2010;Behera et al 2013).…”

Section: The Development Of Basic Cations and Sulfur And Nitrogen Commentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term changes in atmospheric depositions in Slovakia

Krupová

Bošeľa

Pavlenda

et al. 2017

Central European Forestry Journal

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The aim of this paper was to analyse temporal changes in chemism of atmospheric deposition in Slovakia. Two kinds of deposition, bulk and throughfall were considered and analysed for the period of 1996-2010. Data acquired from permanent monitoring plots (PMP) of Level II were used for this purpose. These plots were established as a part of the ICP Forests Programme. The changes in the composition of deposition were identified for the spruce and beech plots. The results were compared among three spruce plots, two beech plots and one mixed spruce-beech-fir plot. Precipitation pH was higher on the beech than on the spruce plots and during the spotted period increased on both spruce and beech plots. Depositions of cations decreased significantly on the spruce and beech plots in bulk deposition for all elements except for calcium. The significant decline of sulphur and ammonium nitrogen was found on both spruce and beech plots, but the highest decrease of sulphur deposition was found in throughfall precipitation (R 2 = 0.75). The amount of nitrate nitrogen did not change during the study period.

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“…This variability suggests pronounced in-snowpack dynamics possibly driven by conversion, vertical transport, or elution. In addition, several studies have shown significant wintertime dry deposition of NO − 3 -N, in particular close to highways and urban areas (Cape et al, 2004;Dasch and Cadle, 1986;Kirchner et al, 2005). Therefore, the fact that wet deposition concentrations were very similar to snowpack concentrations could be merely a coincidence and may not allow us to infer dry versus wet deposition of NO Previous studies have observed parallel concentration declines of SO 2− 4 and NO − 3 -N during snowpack melt events due to similar early-season ionic pulses that lead to preferential losses of nutrients and other ions (Bales et al, 1989;Harrington and Bales, 1998;Tranter et al, 1986).…”

Section: -N In the Rockymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient and mercury deposition and storage in an alpine snowpack of the Sierra Nevada, USA

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Biweekly snowpack core samples were collected at seven sites along two elevation gradients in the Tahoe Basin during two consecutive snow years to evaluate total wintertime snowpack accumulation of nutrients and pollutants in a high-elevation watershed of the Sierra Nevada. Additional sampling of wet deposition and detailed snow pit profiles were conducted the following year to compare wet deposition to snowpack storage and assess the vertical dynamics of snowpack nitrogen, phosphorus, and mercury. Results show that, on average, organic N comprised 48 % of all snowpack N, while nitrate (NO − 3 -N) and TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) made up 25 and 27 %, respectively. Snowpack NO − 3 -N concentrations were relatively uniform across sampling sites over the sampling seasons and showed little difference between seasonal wet deposition and integrated snow pit concentrations. These patterns are in agreement with previous studies that identify wet deposition as the dominant source of wintertime NO − 3 -N deposition. However, vertical snow pit profiles showed highly variable concentrations of NO − 3 -N within the snowpack indicative of additional deposition and in-snowpack dynamics. Unlike NO − 3 -N, snowpack TAN doubled towards the end of winter, which we attribute to a strong dry deposition component which was particularly pronounced in late winter and spring. Organic N concentrations in the snowpack were highly variable (from 35 to 70 %) and showed no clear temporal, spatial, or vertical trends throughout the season. Integrated snowpack organic N concentrations were up to 2.5 times higher than seasonal wet deposition, likely due to microbial immobilization of inorganic N as evident by coinciding increases in organic N and decreases in inorganic N in deeper, aged snow. Spatial and temporal deposition patterns of snowpack P were consistent with particulate-bound dry deposition inputs and strong impacts from in-basin sources causing up to 6 times greater enrichment at urban locations compared to remote sites. Snowpack Hg showed little temporal variability and was dominated by particulate-bound forms (78 % on average). Dissolved Hg concentrations were consistently lower in snowpack than in wet deposition, which we attribute to photochemically driven gaseous re-emission. In agreement with this pattern is a significant positive relationship between snowpack Hg and elevation, attributed to a combination of increased snow accumulation at higher elevations causing limited light penetration and lower photochemical re-emission losses in deeper, higher-elevation snowpack. Finally, estimates of basin-wide loading based on spatially extrapolated concentrations and a satellite-based snow water equivalent reconstruction model identify snowpack chemical loading from atmospheric deposition as a substantial source of nutrients and pollutants to the Lake Tahoe Basin, accounting for 113 t of N, 9.3 t of P, and 1.2 kg of Hg each year.

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Concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at roadside verges, and their contribution to nitrogen deposition

Cited by 200 publications

References 23 publications

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Long-term changes in atmospheric depositions in Slovakia

Nutrient and mercury deposition and storage in an alpine snowpack of the Sierra Nevada, USA

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